Functionalism - 1324 Words

Theories have been composed and exposed by various philosophers to explain their understanding about the mind. Dualism, Behaviorism and Identity Theory are well-known theories supported by well-written explanations. A modern theory, Functionalism has been proposed that provides great insight to the main problem philosophers deal with, the mind/body problem. Functionalism was developed as a combination of the Behaviorist theory and the Identity theory. Behaviorism believes being in a mental state is the same as a physical state, which is an observable behavioral characteristic. For instance, if one claims they are unhappy, their physical state could include a frowning face or improper posture. On the other hand, the Identity Theory†¦show more content†¦If the machine is in S2, and sees a â€Å"1†, it says Even and returns to S1. The purpose of this example Block provided us is to give us a direct insight to how a functionalist theory works. The nature of a mental state in a human mind is equivalent to the nature of a machines state; therefore it can demonstrate the relations to other states and to inputs and outputs. Functionalism is the dogma for creating something a thought; a desire, a belief, pain, or pleasure by allowing its dependence only on the role it plays in the cognitive system. Another simple example demonstrated through the functionalist theory, is being in a mental state of pain that induces the notion that something is wrong with one’s body, where the individual wishes to be out of its mental state and as a result, possible behavioral outputs may include wincing, moaning, crying, or anxiety. In the functionalist theory, it states that any creature that is capable of a mental state and meets its conditions is able to experience pain (Levin). Humans have a particular process of neural activity, for instance C-fiber stimulation, which meets the conditions of functionalism. Therefore humans can experience pain by C-fiber stimu lation but the theory also allows other creatures with different physical makeups that have mental states can experience pain as well. Functionalist became aware that creatures with different types of physical statesShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Functionalism Of Functionalism1837 Words   |  8 PagesA Functionalism is the theory that what makes something a mental state depends on its function or role in the cognitive system, instead of its internal constitution. To put it another way, functionalism holds that mental states correspond to functional states. Functionalism is the offspring of both identity theory and behaviorism, and comes in a few different flavors. For example, there is machine functionalism, psycho-functionalism, analytic functionalism, role-functionalism and realizer-functionalismRead MoreFunctionalism And The Inverted Spectrum1545 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant challenge to functionalist accounts of qualia. Functionalism is committed to defining mental state s in terms of their cause and effects . By identifying sensory events with casual roles, however, functionalism appears to be missing qualitative aspects all together. The topic of spectrum inversion has often been raised as a contradiction to functionalism, as well as other materialist theories about consciousness. These negates to functionalism show that even when all the relevant physical factsRead MoreEssay on Functionalism in Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Having attended public schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the term functionalism and its many elements. After observing and analyzing my field placement classroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists â€Å"see schools as serving to socialize students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society† (Feinberg, p.6, 2004). They also theorize that in order for societies toRead MoreFunctionalism Of Brazil : Cause Or Style?1623 Words   |  7 PagesFunctionalism in Brazil: cause or style? The premise form follows function was first used by Sullivan in the late nineteenth century and built by Modernist Architecture in Europe in the twentieth century. Reflecting specifically on the Brazilian case, functionalism was an aspect of tension throughout the process of assimilation and appropriation of Modernism as a national language in the twentieth century, because on one side could be an important tool for democratization of accessing to certainRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Functional Theory Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Functionalism (SF) theory often referred to as Structural Function Theory or Functional Theory, no matter what name is used, the main context of the theory remains the same. There are many existent interpretations of the theory, however according to Smith and Hamon (2012) SF theory is based on two basic assumptions agreed by all: (a) â€Å"the functions of families is to procreate and socialize children† and (b) â€Å"all syste ms have functions† (p. 44). Additionally, they further elaborate on functionalRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Physical Body Essay1934 Words   |  8 Pageswith our physical body? Do they interact at all? Are they two separate entities or one in the same? Many theories try to answer these types of questions, but the one I will be focusing on is role functionalism. When mentioning functionalism throughout, I will be referring to role functionalism. Functionalism is a theory that says mental states can be defined by their function. So, we can identify mental states with their functional states. We can come to know the function of a mental state through examiningRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stri cter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The world works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreConflict Theory Vs. Structural Functionalism978 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Theory vs. Structural Functionalism, this is like a fight between conservative and liberal. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that focuses on the structures of society and their functional significance (positive and negative consequences) for other structures (Ritzer, 2013). In another word, Structural Functionalism focuses on hierarchy, high position in the society. The theory is based on the belief that a person who held a high position like doctor or lawyer should getRead MoreGeorge Peter Murdocks Theory Of Structural Functionalism953 Words   |  4 Pages In the theory of Structural Functionalism, one believes that society is made up of many parts which depend on each other to work and if one fails, all will fail. Imagine the body; each organ has a set function. If the heart stopped doing what it was supposed to be doing and tried to digest your food, what would happen? Functionalists consider family as an essential building block of society. This is an analogy to decide that if one part of society actually starts failing, the society dies. GeorgeRead MoreFunctionalism : Functionalism And Functionalism1100 Words   |  5 PagesFUNCTIONALISM AND WEBERIANISM Functionalism has been focused on different parts of the societies ‘functioning’ to keep up social order and foundation. Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton were the three main theorists of functionalism, where they studied to understand how different parts of society could connect and work towards promoting social steadiness and harmony. Parsons viewed health as an important part of foundation and building a better society where illness has stopped

History of Photography Essay - 822 Words

The History of, and Impact of, Photography on our World Photography is a process frequently used in areas of media, art, and science as well as practical everyday use. It is used to inform society of different issues, used to document a wide range of things and is used to capture everyday memories for the years to come. It is used everywhere in todays society and through technology has advanced tremendously since its beginnings. The earliest cameras were simple devices that did not capture an image but merely projected an image onto a surface. It was basically a large pinhole camera in the form of a darkened room or booth. These were used by artists as early as the 16th century. These were known as Camera Obscuras. They then†¦show more content†¦It has even branched out into the digital realm allowing endless possibilities to the world of photography. Photography revolutionized the world in ways we cant even imagine. Imagery is such an important part of our everyday lives and photography has created a convenient way to convey an image. Before photography came about the only way of having a permanent image of a person was to have a portrait painted. The only way of creating an image to show the scenery and landscape of a certain era was to have it painted or drawn. Nowadays we can take a snapshot and years later people can see the world as it was today. Photos have changed the world of journalism, creating a way for people to actually see what is going on, rather then just hearing about it. Today we use photography frequently in our everyday lives and we are constantly surrounded by images that would not have been possible without photography. Its considered a hobby for some, a business for others. Photography is a huge money making industry, from people taking pictures to sell to magazines to portrait photographers taking happy snaps of families at their best. Photography is used as a form of identification, showing us exactly how we are and proving we are who we say. It is used to sell products and advertise almost anything you can think of. Its also used as a journalistic tool, to send a message to the world and inform others. It canShow MoreRelatedHow Did Photography Influenced The History And The Development Of Contemporary Painting?1830 Words   |  8 Pages To what extent has photography influenced the history and the development of contemporary painting? â€Æ' Contents Abstract Page 3 Introduction Page 4 History of Photography in relations to Painting Page 5 Influence of Photography on Andy Warhol’s Paintings Page 9 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Gerhard Richter’s Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Luc Tuymans’ Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Conclusion Page 1 Abstract – Cornelis Le Mair Throughout myRead MoreThe History Of Photography798 Words   |  4 Pageswe remain a society that is captivated by oddities and death. This is especially true in the area of creepy vintage photography. Genuine shots showcasing historic, surreal portrayals engross us because so few pictures were taken years ago, compared to today, when, according the the non-profit Rawhide, 1,000 selfies are posted to Instagram every second. Disturbing digital photography may or may not be altered. However, when we view a disconcerting vintage depiction, knowing it is authentic, a pressingRead MoreThe History Of Photography1532 Words   |  7 PagesMexican arts and photographers: Guillermo Soto Curiel, Ruben Ortiz Torres, Consuelo y Marisa and Graciela Iturbide. The exhibition was one of a collection of Mexican photographers of the twentieth century and the permeant exhibition of the history of photography. As well as the current exhibition of Mundos Alternos an Art and science fiction in the Americas. There are four photographs by Guillermo Soto Curiel, Manuel Carrilo, Graciela Iturbide, and Ruben Ortiz Torres. The first photograph is RitmoRead MoreEssay on The History of Photography1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Photography The name Photography comes from the Greek words for light and writing. Sir John Herschel, was the first to use the term photography in 1839, when he managed to fix images using hyposulphite of soda. He described photography as The application of the chemical rays to the purpose of pictorial representation. Herschel also coined the terms negative, positive and snapshot. But a man called de la Roche (1729 - 1774), wrote Giphantie and in this imaginaryRead MoreEssay on History of Photography648 Words   |  3 PagesHe called it a Heliograph (sun drawing). It took eight hours to expose. Photography, however, did not really begin until 1839 when the world heard about something startling. Louis Daguerre had invented a way to permanently reproduce a fleeting image on a metal plate. It took 30 minutes to expose, not eight hours. 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The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(84) " depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research \[ 49 \] \." Worldwide, the load of mental upsets is immense and at least comparable to the load caused by many terrible physical diseases [ 1 ] . In the WHO Global Burden of Disease undertaking it was estimated that 50 % of all Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALY ‘s ) in the 15-44 old ages old are due to psychiatry-related conditions [ 2 ] . Recently, depressive upsets were projected to rank 2nd on a list of 15 major diseases in footings of load of disease in 2030 [ 3 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In malice of the many available effectual interventions, they have limited possible to cut down the entire load of mental unwellness [ 4 ] . It has been estimated that the maximal decrease of the entire load of mental disease that can be achieved by intervention in optimum scenes is merely 40 % [ 5 ] . Therefore, bar of mental upsets is indispensable. An extra statement for beef uping the function of preventative psychopathology in public wellness is the fact that at the population degree, a significant portion of the costs are caused by new instances. The new instances account for 39.2 % of the costs at the population degree [ 6 ] . Unfortunately, there are soon few possibilities for the primary or selective bar of mental disease in the non-referred population. Because grownup mental diseases have their beginnings early in life [ 7 ] , primary bar can be most effectual if started early in childhood, or even before. Indeed, bar of psychosocial jobs may get down before birth. 1.4 Gevolgen new wave psychopathologie tijdens de zwangerschap There is strong grounds that, in line with Barker ‘s â€Å" foetal beginnings of grownup disease † hypothesis [ a ] , an inauspicious mental province of a female parent during gestation is an of import and modifiable hazard factor for psychosocial jobs in her kids. The nexus between prenatal maternal negative emotions and behavioural and emotional ( ‘psychosocial ‘ ) jobs in the progeny has been demonstrated in legion carnal surveies and, more late, in worlds. Two recent reappraisals summarize the consequences of this research [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . Numerous surveies evidenced that there is a positive association between prenatal anxiousness or depression in the female parent, and cognitive, behavioural and emotional jobs in the kid. For illustration, in a big survey ( N=7448 ) prenatal anxiousness of the female parent was related to behavioural or emotional jobs of 4-year-old kids, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum depression or anxiousness [ 10 ] . Anxiety in gestation has been related to delayed mental and motor development, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum emphasis and depression degrees [ 11 ] . The inauspicious effects seem to be permanent: higher anxiousness degrees of the female parents early in gestation were related to an addition in ADHD and other projecting jobs in their 8-9 twelvemonth old kids [ 12 ] . An addition in criminalism in the male progeny of female parents who suffered antenatal depression was observed by Maki et al [ 13 ] . Davis and colleagues demonstrated that maternal antenatal anxiousness and depression were associated with an unfavorable disposition, i.e. infant negative responsiveness which in bend is related to behavioural suppression and societal anxiousness [ 14 ] . Chung et Al found that depression in gestation is associated with growing deceleration, premature birth and more extradural analgesia during bringing. Children of these adult females are more likely to be admitt ed on a NICU [ 15 ] . Although the mechanisms have non been to the full elucidated, the emphasis endocrine hydrocortisone, which besides seems to play a function in grownup abnormal psychology, has been proposed as the primary biological go-between [ 9 ] . Elevated maternal hydrocortisone degrees might take to cut down development of the kid. LeWinn and others found that higher maternal hydrocortisone degrees during gestation are associated with decreased childhood IQ [ 16 ] . Other mechanisms such as intoxicant and nicotine ingestion in gestation [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and the effects of the postpartum mental status of the female parent ( e.g. with effects for suckling [ 20 ] [ 21 ] ) may be runing every bit good [ 22 ] . Whatever the existent mechanisms involved are, there is soon convincing grounds that kids whose female parents suffered from anxiousness or depression during gestation constitute a high hazard group for behavioural and emotional jobs. Early designation and intervention, and sooner even bar of the maternal mental wellness jobs would assist to forestall the same type of jobs in the progeny. 1.5 Antenatale depressie Until pubescence, rates of depression are approximately equal in male childs and misss, but from adolescence on, misss suffer about twice every bit frequently of depression than male childs, a rate which remains changeless until climacteric, after which it bit by bit declines [ 23 ] [ 24 ] . During gestation around 10-20 % of all adult females are enduring from depression or anxiousness, a prevalence that is basically similar to the prevalence outside gestation [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] . Known hazard factors for prenatal depression are immature maternal age [ 26 ] , being multipara with a history of obstetric complication [ 33 ] , cohabitating [ 34 ] , low societal support [ 35 ] [ 36 ] , major life events [ 37 ] , low income [ 38 ] and a history of physical and/or sexual maltreatment [ 37 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] . Niet gebruikte refnrs: [ 39 ] [ 43 ] [ 45 ] 1.6 Antenatale angststoornis Although there is a batch more known about depression during gestation, anxiousness upsets are the most common psychiatric upsets in grownups. Anxiety upsets have a 12-month prevalence estimated at 18 % , and are more frequently seen in adult females [ 42 ] . A recent reappraisal found that anxiousness upsets are common during the perinatal period, with rates of generalised anxiousness upset being higher during the perinatal period ( 8,5 % in the 3rd trimester ) than in the general population [ 44 ] . Because depression and anxiousness often co-occur [ 46 ] , it is likely that adult females who report depressive symptoms during gestation besides experience symptoms of anxiousness. Furthermore, anxiousness upsets are common in the absence of depression, peculiarly in adult females [ 47 ] , and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age [ 48 ] . Harmonizing to Moss et Al, hazard factors for anxiousness may be similar to those of depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research [ 49 ] . You read "The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" 1.7 Socio-economische positie The socio-economic place ( SEP ) is traditionally defined as â€Å" the comparative place of a household or person on a hierarchal societal construction, based on their entree to or command over wealth, prestigiousness and power † [ 50 ] . Different mensurable facets of SEP are normally used in research, such as educational degree, occupational position and income. Educational degree represents cognition, accomplishments, attitudes and values that can act upon health-related behaviour. Occupational position is an index of working conditions, power and wellness. Income is associated with material wellbeing and ability to devour goods and services, required for a healthy life [ 51 ] [ 52 ] . These different facets of SEP are known to be positively correlated [ 53 ] . A low SEP seems to be a hazard factor for anxiousness symptoms after gestation [ 54 ] , although other surveies found no important association between composite SEP and depressive symptoms during gestation [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] . In contrast, in a recent reappraisal, Lancaster et Al. presented that both a lower educational degree as a low income have a little association with depression during gestation, but non important in their multivariate analyses [ B ] . Unemployment was non even significantly associated with depression during gestation in bivariate analysis [ B ] . 1.8 Life events Harmonizing to Grant et Al and Evans, the chronic psychological emphasis ensuing from a low SEP may be associated with a high exposure to life stressors [ hundred ] [ vitamin D ] . What is known about the association of major negative life events and anxiety/depression during gestation? 1.9 Doel new wave dot onderzoek Hypothesis Low socio-economic place is associated with anxiousness and depression during gestation and this association is modified by major negative life events. Hoofdstuk 2. Methoden 2.1 Studiedesign The P5D-study. The Prediction of anxiousness and Depression during Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period ; the function of Personality ( P5D ) -study is an experimental longitudinal survey in the Dutch primary obstetric attention. The survey aims to develop a hazard mark based on established hazard factors and personality traits, to foretell ante- and postpartum anxiousness and depression at the first consult at the accoucheuses pattern. The P5D-study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee ( Dutch: Medisch-Ethische Toetsingscommissie ( METc ) ) of the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. 2.2 Studiepopulatie en dataverzameling Data was collected at multiple assessment minutes: ( 1 ) at baseline: at the first or 2nd consult at the obstetrics pattern ( largely at the terminal of the first trimester ) ; ( 2 ) at 24 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 3 ) at 36 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 4 ) 6 hebdomads postpartum ; ( 5 ) 6 months postpartum ; ( 6 ) 1 twelvemonth postpartum. The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011, although the inclusion still continues. Sample choice concerned 35 obstetrics patterns in both rural and urban countries in the four Northern states of the Netherlands: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel. All adult females subscribing up at these obstetrics patterns could come in the survey. The lone adult females who were excluded from engagement were adult females who had no command of the Dutch linguistic communication. The included adult females received an informational bundle about the survey. This bundle contained an information missive, an informed consent, the first questionnaires and a stamped self-addressed envelope. Midwifes handed the bundle to the adult female while explicating and stressing the relevancy of this survey. When adult females agreed to take part, they filled in the printed questionnaires, every bit good as the informed consent and their personal information ( e.g. name, reference, telephone figure and email reference ) at place and sent them to us in the stamped self-addressed envelope . When we received the printed questionnaire, accompanied by the informed consent and the personal information of the participant, we used the supplied electronic mail reference to direct the username and watchword to entree the online questionnaires. Participants were instructed to reach us in instance they had no entree to the cyberspace at any clip during the survey. In response to these state of affairss ( n=3, 0.4 % ) , we sent the extra questionnaires in print to their postal reference, once more accompanied by a stamped self-addressed envelope. 2.3 Vragenlijsten Questionnaires in print. The undermentioned questionnaires were handed in print at the obstetrics patterns: General information, dwelling of the gestational age and the day of the month of make fulling in the questionnaire, which we used to cipher the maternal age and the gestational age at any minute ; The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) [ 60 ] to measure the degree of anxiousness. We used the six-item short-form, because the full signifier would be inappropriate in the position of high figure of questionnaires. Furthermore, the six-item short-form of the STAI produces tonss similar to those obtained utilizing the full-form [ 60 ] . The participant had to bespeak how they felt at the minute of appraisal, giving one of the four replies ( non at all ( 1 ) , slightly ( 2 ) , reasonably so ( 3 ) , really ( 4 ) ) . The six statements are: I feel unagitated, I feel nervous, I feel disquieted ( dying ) , I am relaxed, I feel satisfied, I am disquieted. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is a†°?13 in this short-form [ 60 ] ; The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) [ 61 ] to measure the degree of depressive symptoms. Although the EPDS is developed to measure after gestation, the questionnaire is besides dependable to measure depressive symptoms during gestation [ 62 ] . The 10 points are: I am able to express joy and see the amusing side of things, I look frontward with enjoyment to things, I blame myself unnecessarily when things go incorrect, I am dying or worried for no good ground, I feel frightened or panicked for no really good ground, Thingss are acquiring on top of me, I am so unhappy that I have had trouble sleeping, I feel sad or suffering, I am so unhappy that I have been shouting, The idea of harming myself occurred to me. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of depression is a†°?12 [ 61 ] ; An adjusted Negative Life Events Questionnaire ( NLEQ ) [ 65 ] , to buttockss major negative life events. We make a differentiation between different periods in life: in the period until the age of 16 ; between the age of 16 and until 2 old ages before gestation ; in the 2 old ages before gestation. The mentioned life events are: divorce ( of a parent, self or kid ) , new relationship, traveling, long-run and/or terrible unwellness ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, ego, kid or another of import individual ( e.g. friend, in-laws, a confidential adviser ) ) , decease ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid or another of import individual ) , terrible psychiatric jobs ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , suicide effort ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , household force, intoxicant or drugs abuse within the household or the relationship, being victim of a offense, being victim of a terrible accident, being vict im of sexual maltreatment, being victim of assault, holding an unwanted gestation ; Online questionnaire. The undermentioned questionnaire was administered online: Socio-economic place ( SEP, based on educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year gross household income ) ) was assessed utilizing a questionnaire based on the Leidsche Rijn questionnaire ( Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht ) [ 68 ] . 2.4 Statistische analyse Although P5D contains all above-named questionnaires, merely the STAI ( anxiousness ) , EPDS ( depression ) , SEP ( socio-economic place ) and the adjusted NLEQ ( major negative life events ) questionnaires were necessary to prove our present hypotheses. First, we calculated descriptive statistics for the STAI and EPDS tonss, every bit good as for the five indexs of SEP ( educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year household income ) and major negative life events. Second, we assessed the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss, †¦ We averaged the indexs of SEP after standardisation of educational degree ( both ego and spouse ) and one-year household income ( z-scores ) . The lowest 25 % , intermediate 50 % and highest 25 % of the tonss were considered to stand for severally low, intermediate and high SEP. The degree of significance was set at 0.05, reversible. Datas were analyzed utilizing PASW statistics 18. Hoofdstuk 3. Resultaten The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011. A sum of 863 participants filled in a questionnaire, but 115 participants ( 13.3 % ) were excluded because they did non make full in the STAI short-form. Exclusion due to non-mastery of the Dutch linguistic communication was non registered. Descriptive statistics Anxiety. All of the 748 included participants ( 100 % ) filled in the STAI short-form. From these 748 participants, 108 ( 14.4 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( STAI a†°?13 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss is presented in figure 1. The average STAI mark was 9.96 ( SD = 2.68 ) . Figure 1 Histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is STAI a†°?13: Depression. From the 748 included participants, 743 ( 99.5 % ) filled in the EPDS signifier. From these 743 participants, 31 ( 4.2 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( EPDS a†°?12 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss is presented in figure 2. The average EPDS mark was 4.67 ( SD = 3.59 ) . Figure 2 Histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss. Cut-off value for an at least moderate degree of depression is EPDS a†°?12: Correlation between anxiousness and depression The correlativity between anxiousness and depression tonss was strong: R = 0.72, P lt ; 0.01 ( Pearson ‘s trial, two-tailed significance ) . A spread secret plan is presented in figure 3. Figure 3 Scatter secret plan, stand foring the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss: Socio-economic place. From the 748 included participants, 342 ( 45.7 % ) filled in all questionnaires about SEP. The descriptive statistics of the assessed indexs of SEP are presented in table 1 ( educational degree ) , table 2 ( occupational position ) and table 3 ( household income ) . Table 1 Descriptive statistics of educational degree: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Primary instruction ( basisschool, speciaal onderwijs ) 0 8 ( 1.9 ) Low-level secondary instruction ( LBO-opleiding ) 1 ( 0.2 ) 16 ( 3.8 ) Middle-level secondary instruction ( bijv. MAVO, VBO ) 17 ( 4.0 ) 27 ( 6.4 ) Vocational preparation ( MBO-opleiding ) 145 ( 33.9 ) 182 ( 43.3 ) High-level secondary instruction ( HAVO, VWO, Gymnasium ) 29 ( 6.8 ) 20 ( 4.8 ) Professional instruction ( HBO-opleiding ) 168 ( 39.3 ) 122 ( 29.0 ) University ( WO-opleiding ) 68 ( 15.9 ) 45 ( 10.7 ) Entire 428 420 Table 2 Descriptive statistics of occupational position: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Yes 384 ( 89.5 ) 412 ( 96.9 ) No 45 ( 10.5 ) 13 ( 3.1 ) Entire 429 425 Table 3 Descriptive statistics of household income ( gross, in euro ‘s per twelvemonth ) : N ( % ) 0 – 14,999 14 ( 4.0 ) 15,000 – 30,999 58 ( 16.4 ) 31,000 – 59,999 207 ( 58.5 ) 60,000 – 89,999 60 ( 19.9 ) 90.000 or more 15 ( 4.2 ) Entire 354 Correlation between different facets of socio-economic place. The correlativities between the five mensural facets of SEP are presented in table 4. Literatuurlijst 1. Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, et Al. Disability and intervention of specific mental and physical upsets across the universe: Consequences from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 May ; 192 ( 5 ) :368-75. 2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Evidence-based wellness policy — lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science. 1996 Nov 1 ; 274 ( 5288 ) :740-3. 3. Mathers Cadmium, Loncar D. Projections of planetary mortality and load of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov ; 3 ( 11 ) : e442. 4. Meijer SA, Smit F, Schoemaker C, Cuijpers P. Gezond verstand: evidence-based preventie new wave psychische stoornissen. RIVM-Rapport nr. 270672001 ; VTV Themarapport. Bilthoven/Utrecht: RIVM/Trimbos-instituut, 2006 5. Beekman AT, Cuijpers P, new wave Marwijk HW, Smit F, Schoevers RA, Hosman C. The bar of psychiatric upsets. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006 Feb 25 ; 150 ( 8 ) :419-23. 6. Smit F, Cuijpers P, Oostenbrink J, Batelaan N, de Graaf R, Beekman A. 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IT Risk Management Case Study of Social Media Research Centre

Question: Discuss about theIT Risk Management in Social Media Research Centre. Answer: Project Objectives The initial objective of the project is to develop a website for the social media Research centre by considering the basic needed of the consumers. In order to manage large scale data accurately the organization has developed this advanced approach. Before the implementation of the website the project manger and the finance manager of the business organization is required to make a feasibility study to develop budget estimation. After estimating the budget properly the project manager will be able to divide the job roles and tasks properly among the project team members. In the initial stage of development he project manager is required to set the project objective. Considering the type of the project the objectives are developed these are as follows: To develop a website based application system for the Social Media Research Centre To reduce the data management related risks To manage the current and old data regarding the research papers of the masters students and of the PhD students. To store the details of the publications accurately To develop such an application which could be accessed easily by the project team members and by the clients whenever required To get the updated data recorded within the system To complete the task appropriately within the allotted time phase that is within 8 months and the estimated budget of the project is AUD 50000.00 After analyzing the overall state and features of the budget it has been found that the if the project is completed successfully within the time period than due to its advanced data management capability it will be able to deliver a proper data management system to the consumers. With the help of the system the users will be able to access data from the server whenever needed. Apart from this, the server can be accessed regardless of the time and location of the users. The system is again secured enough because it holds an appropriate login approach. Where, the unauthorized rather unauthenticated or non-registered users will not be able to access data from the server. Mainly for promoting the application over the internet and to grab large number of consumer social media is also helpful for this project. MOV - Measurable Organisational Value After considering the measurable value of the social media research centre it has been found that, in order to promote both the operational and the functional excellence of the website based application system is one of the necessary application that is required to develop by the organizations. The implementation also implies that the users will be able to access the publication details and details of the research paper of the masters and PhD students from the server easily and securely. In order to develop a successful project the overall cut off budget is needed to be cheaper. Identification of the desired area of impact Area of impact Ranking of the impacts Strategic impact high Impact of the Consumers Medium Financial impact Low Operational impact High Social impact High Identification of the type of values in the web based application systems Better: The website that has been developed by the social media research centre is needed to be very much efficient and user friendly so that the users could access data from the server very fast without any error. Faster: the system is required to be faster in order to make the system faster than the traditional one the project manager is required to add up certain advanced technologies to the system. A faster system is always found to be enough beneficial and user focused. Cheaper: The overall budget of the project must not exceed the estimated project budget. In the project initiation phase the project budget is required to be allotted. If the overall cut off cost of the project is found to be cheaper than others then with increasing time more technical advancement could be added to it efficiently. It will help to reduce the overall financial burden. Do more: In order satisfy the consumers the project manager should consider certain additional technical excellences to the system such as social media promotion. Development of an appropriate stakeholders metric Stakeholder name Expectation Project manager To complete the project within 8 months in AUD 50000.00 Finance manager To complete the project is AUD 50000.00 and should also focus on the resources so that could not exceed the estimation. Application manager Expects to get the operations accurately. Programming manager To complete the project, considering all the social aspects accurately. Acceptance Criteria It has been analyzed that after successful completion of the project the project must deliver the expected outcome of the consumers. The project should be completed within the allotted time phase and the budget must not exceed AUD 50000.00. Only the required resources should be considered rather the unnecessary resources are required to eliminate from the resource list after development of the project it must be validated and verified by the project testers professionally. Apart from this, each and every components of the project are required to be approved by the project manager officially. Assumptions and Constraints Before initiating the project the project budget, the members of the project management team and the sponsors of the project are needed to be assumed by the project manager. It has been assumed that in order to complete the project, the budget is AUD 50000.00 and from the schedule it is found that the project could be completed in 8 months. Different constraints that entail the project limitation Triple constraints have been considered for this project these are the cost, time schedule and scope of the project. Te project is required to be completed. The main limitation of the project is the consideration of the hardware and software. In order to develop the web-based application system the resources and both the functional and non-functional requirements cannot be determined in the inittail phase. StakeholderList Name of the stakeholders Roles and responsibility of the stakeholders Project sponsor (Please fill) Responsible to chose the sponsors for the project completion. Project manager (Please fill) The role of the project manager is to control and monitor the entire progress of the project. David Wright (Executive officer) The Executive officer is responsible to select the project manager and the project sponsor at the same time. Sonia Reed (Application manager) Responsible to monitor the application of the website based application system Bruce (Programming manager) For developing the system proper codes and needed to be developed byte project development team members and the system verification and validation is needed to be done by the programming manager Finance manager (Please fill) The finance manager should make the budget estimation. Lessons Learned From the overall discussion it has been learned that, after the successful completion of the project the clients of the projects will be able to access all the required data such as the publication details and other research papers details. The system is very much secured due to the presence of the login approach. Due t this reason one of the external users will be able to access data from the server. The other users of the server could also connect themselves to retrieve information from the server. It has been also learned that the rate of data availability is also increasing rapidly after the implementation of the Web-based application system. Charter Sign off Stakeholder name Signature of the stakeholder Executive officer David Wright Project sponsor Please fill Programming manager Bruce Application manager Sonia Reed International expert Craig Bamworth Preparation of a project communication plan Purpose of communication planning In order to avoid the rate of intra-organizational conflict and to share the view point of all the members of the project team along with the project manager mainly the communication plan is developed by the project manager. With the help of the open communication the project manager and the other members of the project team will be able to communicate to each other efficiently. Again the communication plan will help to divide the roles and responsibility of all the members of the project team to reduce the overall work burden. Thus, it can be said that the main objective of the communication plan is to make the system more efficient. Identification of stakeholders Information to be shared Frequency of information exchange Location of information exchange Purpose of communication Mechanism for communication Project sponsor The project sponsor should share the budget oriented information with the Project manager. Again the sponsor should also share the information of web application based system requirements to the management authority. Weekly Conference room To reduce the issues that might occur regarding the project budget. physical meeting Project manager The project manager should share the shared goal and objective of the project along with the project team members. Daily Meeting room To develop a web-based application system for social media research centre. physical meeting and email Finance manager The finance manager should share the financial details along with the project manager and with the project team member and also with the project team members Monthly Meeting hall For reducing the financial issues Phone calls and emails Project clients The requirement of the project is whether satisfactory to the clients or not is demonstrated by the clients through email and meetings to the project manager and to the executive also. Weekly Meeting hall For understanding the requirement of the consumers the communication is done. Email and phone calls Executive officer The goal of the project is shared by the executive officer to the project manager and to the members also Weekly Conference room In order to administrate the project operation and functionalities, the project executive officer is required to communicate along with the project team members and to the project manager very frequently. physical meeting and emails Application manager The application manager is required to deliver the system accurately and must share the requirement along with the project team members Monthly Meeting room Email Operation manager In order to manage the operation accurately the operation manager should share the information about the functions and operations to the Project manager. Weekly Conference room and video conference To reduce the rate of error in the operational and functional management system. Emails and physical meeting Programming manager The programming and the applications are required to be shared to the project manager and to the project development team and also along with the project sponsors. Monthly Meeting room and video conference To diminish the programming error from the system Emails and physical meeting Change management While reviewing the website application system that has been developed by the research centre it has been found that the developed application system is secured and efficient enough. In order to evaluate the system the operational and the functional excellences those are used are also very much user friendly. However, in order to improve the existing system the project manager should incorporate the social media application system for promoting the system appropriately. Again, in order to grab large number of consumers a feedback rather invoice application is required to be adapted in the change management system. Another change that is required to be conducted is the radical change implementation. Reason for Meeting Meeting Objectives Project planning For developing a project for the Social media Research Centre the meeting is required to be conducted among the project manager and the project team members Risk management planning For identifying, analysing and for mitigation the system risks this meeting is needed to be conducted. Strategy development In order to gain commercial benefit from the competitive marketplace this meeting is necessary. Bibliography Chih, Y. Y., Zwikael, O. (2015). Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 352-362. Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C. N., Mller, R. (2015). The relation between work motivation and project management success in case of temporary organizations: theoretical lenses. Gido, J., Clements, J. (2014).Successful project management. Nelson Education. Gollenia, L. A. 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