Functionalism - 1324 Words

Theories have been composed and exposed by various philosophers to explain their understanding about the mind. Dualism, Behaviorism and Identity Theory are well-known theories supported by well-written explanations. A modern theory, Functionalism has been proposed that provides great insight to the main problem philosophers deal with, the mind/body problem. Functionalism was developed as a combination of the Behaviorist theory and the Identity theory. Behaviorism believes being in a mental state is the same as a physical state, which is an observable behavioral characteristic. For instance, if one claims they are unhappy, their physical state could include a frowning face or improper posture. On the other hand, the Identity Theory†¦show more content†¦If the machine is in S2, and sees a â€Å"1†, it says Even and returns to S1. The purpose of this example Block provided us is to give us a direct insight to how a functionalist theory works. The nature of a mental state in a human mind is equivalent to the nature of a machines state; therefore it can demonstrate the relations to other states and to inputs and outputs. Functionalism is the dogma for creating something a thought; a desire, a belief, pain, or pleasure by allowing its dependence only on the role it plays in the cognitive system. Another simple example demonstrated through the functionalist theory, is being in a mental state of pain that induces the notion that something is wrong with one’s body, where the individual wishes to be out of its mental state and as a result, possible behavioral outputs may include wincing, moaning, crying, or anxiety. In the functionalist theory, it states that any creature that is capable of a mental state and meets its conditions is able to experience pain (Levin). Humans have a particular process of neural activity, for instance C-fiber stimulation, which meets the conditions of functionalism. Therefore humans can experience pain by C-fiber stimu lation but the theory also allows other creatures with different physical makeups that have mental states can experience pain as well. Functionalist became aware that creatures with different types of physical statesShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Functionalism Of Functionalism1837 Words   |  8 PagesA Functionalism is the theory that what makes something a mental state depends on its function or role in the cognitive system, instead of its internal constitution. To put it another way, functionalism holds that mental states correspond to functional states. Functionalism is the offspring of both identity theory and behaviorism, and comes in a few different flavors. For example, there is machine functionalism, psycho-functionalism, analytic functionalism, role-functionalism and realizer-functionalismRead MoreFunctionalism And The Inverted Spectrum1545 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant challenge to functionalist accounts of qualia. Functionalism is committed to defining mental state s in terms of their cause and effects . By identifying sensory events with casual roles, however, functionalism appears to be missing qualitative aspects all together. The topic of spectrum inversion has often been raised as a contradiction to functionalism, as well as other materialist theories about consciousness. These negates to functionalism show that even when all the relevant physical factsRead MoreEssay on Functionalism in Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Having attended public schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the term functionalism and its many elements. After observing and analyzing my field placement classroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists â€Å"see schools as serving to socialize students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society† (Feinberg, p.6, 2004). They also theorize that in order for societies toRead MoreFunctionalism Of Brazil : Cause Or Style?1623 Words   |  7 PagesFunctionalism in Brazil: cause or style? The premise form follows function was first used by Sullivan in the late nineteenth century and built by Modernist Architecture in Europe in the twentieth century. Reflecting specifically on the Brazilian case, functionalism was an aspect of tension throughout the process of assimilation and appropriation of Modernism as a national language in the twentieth century, because on one side could be an important tool for democratization of accessing to certainRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Functional Theory Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Functionalism (SF) theory often referred to as Structural Function Theory or Functional Theory, no matter what name is used, the main context of the theory remains the same. There are many existent interpretations of the theory, however according to Smith and Hamon (2012) SF theory is based on two basic assumptions agreed by all: (a) â€Å"the functions of families is to procreate and socialize children† and (b) â€Å"all syste ms have functions† (p. 44). Additionally, they further elaborate on functionalRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Physical Body Essay1934 Words   |  8 Pageswith our physical body? Do they interact at all? Are they two separate entities or one in the same? Many theories try to answer these types of questions, but the one I will be focusing on is role functionalism. When mentioning functionalism throughout, I will be referring to role functionalism. Functionalism is a theory that says mental states can be defined by their function. So, we can identify mental states with their functional states. We can come to know the function of a mental state through examiningRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stri cter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The world works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreConflict Theory Vs. Structural Functionalism978 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Theory vs. Structural Functionalism, this is like a fight between conservative and liberal. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that focuses on the structures of society and their functional significance (positive and negative consequences) for other structures (Ritzer, 2013). In another word, Structural Functionalism focuses on hierarchy, high position in the society. The theory is based on the belief that a person who held a high position like doctor or lawyer should getRead MoreGeorge Peter Murdocks Theory Of Structural Functionalism953 Words   |  4 Pages In the theory of Structural Functionalism, one believes that society is made up of many parts which depend on each other to work and if one fails, all will fail. Imagine the body; each organ has a set function. If the heart stopped doing what it was supposed to be doing and tried to digest your food, what would happen? Functionalists consider family as an essential building block of society. This is an analogy to decide that if one part of society actually starts failing, the society dies. GeorgeRead MoreFunctionalism : Functionalism And Functionalism1100 Words   |  5 PagesFUNCTIONALISM AND WEBERIANISM Functionalism has been focused on different parts of the societies ‘functioning’ to keep up social order and foundation. Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton were the three main theorists of functionalism, where they studied to understand how different parts of society could connect and work towards promoting social steadiness and harmony. Parsons viewed health as an important part of foundation and building a better society where illness has stopped

History of Photography Essay - 822 Words

The History of, and Impact of, Photography on our World Photography is a process frequently used in areas of media, art, and science as well as practical everyday use. It is used to inform society of different issues, used to document a wide range of things and is used to capture everyday memories for the years to come. It is used everywhere in todays society and through technology has advanced tremendously since its beginnings. The earliest cameras were simple devices that did not capture an image but merely projected an image onto a surface. It was basically a large pinhole camera in the form of a darkened room or booth. These were used by artists as early as the 16th century. These were known as Camera Obscuras. They then†¦show more content†¦It has even branched out into the digital realm allowing endless possibilities to the world of photography. Photography revolutionized the world in ways we cant even imagine. Imagery is such an important part of our everyday lives and photography has created a convenient way to convey an image. Before photography came about the only way of having a permanent image of a person was to have a portrait painted. The only way of creating an image to show the scenery and landscape of a certain era was to have it painted or drawn. Nowadays we can take a snapshot and years later people can see the world as it was today. Photos have changed the world of journalism, creating a way for people to actually see what is going on, rather then just hearing about it. Today we use photography frequently in our everyday lives and we are constantly surrounded by images that would not have been possible without photography. Its considered a hobby for some, a business for others. Photography is a huge money making industry, from people taking pictures to sell to magazines to portrait photographers taking happy snaps of families at their best. Photography is used as a form of identification, showing us exactly how we are and proving we are who we say. It is used to sell products and advertise almost anything you can think of. Its also used as a journalistic tool, to send a message to the world and inform others. It canShow MoreRelatedHow Did Photography Influenced The History And The Development Of Contemporary Painting?1830 Words   |  8 Pages To what extent has photography influenced the history and the development of contemporary painting? â€Æ' Contents Abstract Page 3 Introduction Page 4 History of Photography in relations to Painting Page 5 Influence of Photography on Andy Warhol’s Paintings Page 9 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Gerhard Richter’s Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Influence of Photography on Luc Tuymans’ Paintings Page 1 Page 1 Page 1 Conclusion Page 1 Abstract – Cornelis Le Mair Throughout myRead MoreThe History Of Photography798 Words   |  4 Pageswe remain a society that is captivated by oddities and death. This is especially true in the area of creepy vintage photography. Genuine shots showcasing historic, surreal portrayals engross us because so few pictures were taken years ago, compared to today, when, according the the non-profit Rawhide, 1,000 selfies are posted to Instagram every second. Disturbing digital photography may or may not be altered. However, when we view a disconcerting vintage depiction, knowing it is authentic, a pressingRead MoreThe History Of Photography1532 Words   |  7 PagesMexican arts and photographers: Guillermo Soto Curiel, Ruben Ortiz Torres, Consuelo y Marisa and Graciela Iturbide. The exhibition was one of a collection of Mexican photographers of the twentieth century and the permeant exhibition of the history of photography. As well as the current exhibition of Mundos Alternos an Art and science fiction in the Americas. There are four photographs by Guillermo Soto Curiel, Manuel Carrilo, Graciela Iturbide, and Ruben Ortiz Torres. The first photograph is RitmoRead MoreEssay on The History of Photography1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Photography The name Photography comes from the Greek words for light and writing. Sir John Herschel, was the first to use the term photography in 1839, when he managed to fix images using hyposulphite of soda. He described photography as The application of the chemical rays to the purpose of pictorial representation. Herschel also coined the terms negative, positive and snapshot. But a man called de la Roche (1729 - 1774), wrote Giphantie and in this imaginaryRead MoreEssay on History of Photography648 Words   |  3 PagesHe called it a Heliograph (sun drawing). It took eight hours to expose. Photography, however, did not really begin until 1839 when the world heard about something startling. Louis Daguerre had invented a way to permanently reproduce a fleeting image on a metal plate. It took 30 minutes to expose, not eight hours. 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The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(84) " depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research \[ 49 \] \." Worldwide, the load of mental upsets is immense and at least comparable to the load caused by many terrible physical diseases [ 1 ] . In the WHO Global Burden of Disease undertaking it was estimated that 50 % of all Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALY ‘s ) in the 15-44 old ages old are due to psychiatry-related conditions [ 2 ] . Recently, depressive upsets were projected to rank 2nd on a list of 15 major diseases in footings of load of disease in 2030 [ 3 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In malice of the many available effectual interventions, they have limited possible to cut down the entire load of mental unwellness [ 4 ] . It has been estimated that the maximal decrease of the entire load of mental disease that can be achieved by intervention in optimum scenes is merely 40 % [ 5 ] . Therefore, bar of mental upsets is indispensable. An extra statement for beef uping the function of preventative psychopathology in public wellness is the fact that at the population degree, a significant portion of the costs are caused by new instances. The new instances account for 39.2 % of the costs at the population degree [ 6 ] . Unfortunately, there are soon few possibilities for the primary or selective bar of mental disease in the non-referred population. Because grownup mental diseases have their beginnings early in life [ 7 ] , primary bar can be most effectual if started early in childhood, or even before. Indeed, bar of psychosocial jobs may get down before birth. 1.4 Gevolgen new wave psychopathologie tijdens de zwangerschap There is strong grounds that, in line with Barker ‘s â€Å" foetal beginnings of grownup disease † hypothesis [ a ] , an inauspicious mental province of a female parent during gestation is an of import and modifiable hazard factor for psychosocial jobs in her kids. The nexus between prenatal maternal negative emotions and behavioural and emotional ( ‘psychosocial ‘ ) jobs in the progeny has been demonstrated in legion carnal surveies and, more late, in worlds. Two recent reappraisals summarize the consequences of this research [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . Numerous surveies evidenced that there is a positive association between prenatal anxiousness or depression in the female parent, and cognitive, behavioural and emotional jobs in the kid. For illustration, in a big survey ( N=7448 ) prenatal anxiousness of the female parent was related to behavioural or emotional jobs of 4-year-old kids, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum depression or anxiousness [ 10 ] . Anxiety in gestation has been related to delayed mental and motor development, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum emphasis and depression degrees [ 11 ] . The inauspicious effects seem to be permanent: higher anxiousness degrees of the female parents early in gestation were related to an addition in ADHD and other projecting jobs in their 8-9 twelvemonth old kids [ 12 ] . An addition in criminalism in the male progeny of female parents who suffered antenatal depression was observed by Maki et al [ 13 ] . Davis and colleagues demonstrated that maternal antenatal anxiousness and depression were associated with an unfavorable disposition, i.e. infant negative responsiveness which in bend is related to behavioural suppression and societal anxiousness [ 14 ] . Chung et Al found that depression in gestation is associated with growing deceleration, premature birth and more extradural analgesia during bringing. Children of these adult females are more likely to be admitt ed on a NICU [ 15 ] . Although the mechanisms have non been to the full elucidated, the emphasis endocrine hydrocortisone, which besides seems to play a function in grownup abnormal psychology, has been proposed as the primary biological go-between [ 9 ] . Elevated maternal hydrocortisone degrees might take to cut down development of the kid. LeWinn and others found that higher maternal hydrocortisone degrees during gestation are associated with decreased childhood IQ [ 16 ] . Other mechanisms such as intoxicant and nicotine ingestion in gestation [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and the effects of the postpartum mental status of the female parent ( e.g. with effects for suckling [ 20 ] [ 21 ] ) may be runing every bit good [ 22 ] . Whatever the existent mechanisms involved are, there is soon convincing grounds that kids whose female parents suffered from anxiousness or depression during gestation constitute a high hazard group for behavioural and emotional jobs. Early designation and intervention, and sooner even bar of the maternal mental wellness jobs would assist to forestall the same type of jobs in the progeny. 1.5 Antenatale depressie Until pubescence, rates of depression are approximately equal in male childs and misss, but from adolescence on, misss suffer about twice every bit frequently of depression than male childs, a rate which remains changeless until climacteric, after which it bit by bit declines [ 23 ] [ 24 ] . During gestation around 10-20 % of all adult females are enduring from depression or anxiousness, a prevalence that is basically similar to the prevalence outside gestation [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] . Known hazard factors for prenatal depression are immature maternal age [ 26 ] , being multipara with a history of obstetric complication [ 33 ] , cohabitating [ 34 ] , low societal support [ 35 ] [ 36 ] , major life events [ 37 ] , low income [ 38 ] and a history of physical and/or sexual maltreatment [ 37 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] . Niet gebruikte refnrs: [ 39 ] [ 43 ] [ 45 ] 1.6 Antenatale angststoornis Although there is a batch more known about depression during gestation, anxiousness upsets are the most common psychiatric upsets in grownups. Anxiety upsets have a 12-month prevalence estimated at 18 % , and are more frequently seen in adult females [ 42 ] . A recent reappraisal found that anxiousness upsets are common during the perinatal period, with rates of generalised anxiousness upset being higher during the perinatal period ( 8,5 % in the 3rd trimester ) than in the general population [ 44 ] . Because depression and anxiousness often co-occur [ 46 ] , it is likely that adult females who report depressive symptoms during gestation besides experience symptoms of anxiousness. Furthermore, anxiousness upsets are common in the absence of depression, peculiarly in adult females [ 47 ] , and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age [ 48 ] . Harmonizing to Moss et Al, hazard factors for anxiousness may be similar to those of depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research [ 49 ] . You read "The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" 1.7 Socio-economische positie The socio-economic place ( SEP ) is traditionally defined as â€Å" the comparative place of a household or person on a hierarchal societal construction, based on their entree to or command over wealth, prestigiousness and power † [ 50 ] . Different mensurable facets of SEP are normally used in research, such as educational degree, occupational position and income. Educational degree represents cognition, accomplishments, attitudes and values that can act upon health-related behaviour. Occupational position is an index of working conditions, power and wellness. Income is associated with material wellbeing and ability to devour goods and services, required for a healthy life [ 51 ] [ 52 ] . These different facets of SEP are known to be positively correlated [ 53 ] . A low SEP seems to be a hazard factor for anxiousness symptoms after gestation [ 54 ] , although other surveies found no important association between composite SEP and depressive symptoms during gestation [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] . In contrast, in a recent reappraisal, Lancaster et Al. presented that both a lower educational degree as a low income have a little association with depression during gestation, but non important in their multivariate analyses [ B ] . Unemployment was non even significantly associated with depression during gestation in bivariate analysis [ B ] . 1.8 Life events Harmonizing to Grant et Al and Evans, the chronic psychological emphasis ensuing from a low SEP may be associated with a high exposure to life stressors [ hundred ] [ vitamin D ] . What is known about the association of major negative life events and anxiety/depression during gestation? 1.9 Doel new wave dot onderzoek Hypothesis Low socio-economic place is associated with anxiousness and depression during gestation and this association is modified by major negative life events. Hoofdstuk 2. Methoden 2.1 Studiedesign The P5D-study. The Prediction of anxiousness and Depression during Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period ; the function of Personality ( P5D ) -study is an experimental longitudinal survey in the Dutch primary obstetric attention. The survey aims to develop a hazard mark based on established hazard factors and personality traits, to foretell ante- and postpartum anxiousness and depression at the first consult at the accoucheuses pattern. The P5D-study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee ( Dutch: Medisch-Ethische Toetsingscommissie ( METc ) ) of the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. 2.2 Studiepopulatie en dataverzameling Data was collected at multiple assessment minutes: ( 1 ) at baseline: at the first or 2nd consult at the obstetrics pattern ( largely at the terminal of the first trimester ) ; ( 2 ) at 24 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 3 ) at 36 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 4 ) 6 hebdomads postpartum ; ( 5 ) 6 months postpartum ; ( 6 ) 1 twelvemonth postpartum. The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011, although the inclusion still continues. Sample choice concerned 35 obstetrics patterns in both rural and urban countries in the four Northern states of the Netherlands: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel. All adult females subscribing up at these obstetrics patterns could come in the survey. The lone adult females who were excluded from engagement were adult females who had no command of the Dutch linguistic communication. The included adult females received an informational bundle about the survey. This bundle contained an information missive, an informed consent, the first questionnaires and a stamped self-addressed envelope. Midwifes handed the bundle to the adult female while explicating and stressing the relevancy of this survey. When adult females agreed to take part, they filled in the printed questionnaires, every bit good as the informed consent and their personal information ( e.g. name, reference, telephone figure and email reference ) at place and sent them to us in the stamped self-addressed envelope . When we received the printed questionnaire, accompanied by the informed consent and the personal information of the participant, we used the supplied electronic mail reference to direct the username and watchword to entree the online questionnaires. Participants were instructed to reach us in instance they had no entree to the cyberspace at any clip during the survey. In response to these state of affairss ( n=3, 0.4 % ) , we sent the extra questionnaires in print to their postal reference, once more accompanied by a stamped self-addressed envelope. 2.3 Vragenlijsten Questionnaires in print. The undermentioned questionnaires were handed in print at the obstetrics patterns: General information, dwelling of the gestational age and the day of the month of make fulling in the questionnaire, which we used to cipher the maternal age and the gestational age at any minute ; The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) [ 60 ] to measure the degree of anxiousness. We used the six-item short-form, because the full signifier would be inappropriate in the position of high figure of questionnaires. Furthermore, the six-item short-form of the STAI produces tonss similar to those obtained utilizing the full-form [ 60 ] . The participant had to bespeak how they felt at the minute of appraisal, giving one of the four replies ( non at all ( 1 ) , slightly ( 2 ) , reasonably so ( 3 ) , really ( 4 ) ) . The six statements are: I feel unagitated, I feel nervous, I feel disquieted ( dying ) , I am relaxed, I feel satisfied, I am disquieted. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is a†°?13 in this short-form [ 60 ] ; The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) [ 61 ] to measure the degree of depressive symptoms. Although the EPDS is developed to measure after gestation, the questionnaire is besides dependable to measure depressive symptoms during gestation [ 62 ] . The 10 points are: I am able to express joy and see the amusing side of things, I look frontward with enjoyment to things, I blame myself unnecessarily when things go incorrect, I am dying or worried for no good ground, I feel frightened or panicked for no really good ground, Thingss are acquiring on top of me, I am so unhappy that I have had trouble sleeping, I feel sad or suffering, I am so unhappy that I have been shouting, The idea of harming myself occurred to me. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of depression is a†°?12 [ 61 ] ; An adjusted Negative Life Events Questionnaire ( NLEQ ) [ 65 ] , to buttockss major negative life events. We make a differentiation between different periods in life: in the period until the age of 16 ; between the age of 16 and until 2 old ages before gestation ; in the 2 old ages before gestation. The mentioned life events are: divorce ( of a parent, self or kid ) , new relationship, traveling, long-run and/or terrible unwellness ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, ego, kid or another of import individual ( e.g. friend, in-laws, a confidential adviser ) ) , decease ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid or another of import individual ) , terrible psychiatric jobs ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , suicide effort ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , household force, intoxicant or drugs abuse within the household or the relationship, being victim of a offense, being victim of a terrible accident, being vict im of sexual maltreatment, being victim of assault, holding an unwanted gestation ; Online questionnaire. The undermentioned questionnaire was administered online: Socio-economic place ( SEP, based on educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year gross household income ) ) was assessed utilizing a questionnaire based on the Leidsche Rijn questionnaire ( Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht ) [ 68 ] . 2.4 Statistische analyse Although P5D contains all above-named questionnaires, merely the STAI ( anxiousness ) , EPDS ( depression ) , SEP ( socio-economic place ) and the adjusted NLEQ ( major negative life events ) questionnaires were necessary to prove our present hypotheses. First, we calculated descriptive statistics for the STAI and EPDS tonss, every bit good as for the five indexs of SEP ( educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year household income ) and major negative life events. Second, we assessed the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss, †¦ We averaged the indexs of SEP after standardisation of educational degree ( both ego and spouse ) and one-year household income ( z-scores ) . The lowest 25 % , intermediate 50 % and highest 25 % of the tonss were considered to stand for severally low, intermediate and high SEP. The degree of significance was set at 0.05, reversible. Datas were analyzed utilizing PASW statistics 18. Hoofdstuk 3. Resultaten The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011. A sum of 863 participants filled in a questionnaire, but 115 participants ( 13.3 % ) were excluded because they did non make full in the STAI short-form. Exclusion due to non-mastery of the Dutch linguistic communication was non registered. Descriptive statistics Anxiety. All of the 748 included participants ( 100 % ) filled in the STAI short-form. From these 748 participants, 108 ( 14.4 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( STAI a†°?13 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss is presented in figure 1. The average STAI mark was 9.96 ( SD = 2.68 ) . Figure 1 Histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is STAI a†°?13: Depression. From the 748 included participants, 743 ( 99.5 % ) filled in the EPDS signifier. From these 743 participants, 31 ( 4.2 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( EPDS a†°?12 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss is presented in figure 2. The average EPDS mark was 4.67 ( SD = 3.59 ) . Figure 2 Histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss. Cut-off value for an at least moderate degree of depression is EPDS a†°?12: Correlation between anxiousness and depression The correlativity between anxiousness and depression tonss was strong: R = 0.72, P lt ; 0.01 ( Pearson ‘s trial, two-tailed significance ) . A spread secret plan is presented in figure 3. Figure 3 Scatter secret plan, stand foring the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss: Socio-economic place. From the 748 included participants, 342 ( 45.7 % ) filled in all questionnaires about SEP. The descriptive statistics of the assessed indexs of SEP are presented in table 1 ( educational degree ) , table 2 ( occupational position ) and table 3 ( household income ) . Table 1 Descriptive statistics of educational degree: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Primary instruction ( basisschool, speciaal onderwijs ) 0 8 ( 1.9 ) Low-level secondary instruction ( LBO-opleiding ) 1 ( 0.2 ) 16 ( 3.8 ) Middle-level secondary instruction ( bijv. MAVO, VBO ) 17 ( 4.0 ) 27 ( 6.4 ) Vocational preparation ( MBO-opleiding ) 145 ( 33.9 ) 182 ( 43.3 ) High-level secondary instruction ( HAVO, VWO, Gymnasium ) 29 ( 6.8 ) 20 ( 4.8 ) Professional instruction ( HBO-opleiding ) 168 ( 39.3 ) 122 ( 29.0 ) University ( WO-opleiding ) 68 ( 15.9 ) 45 ( 10.7 ) Entire 428 420 Table 2 Descriptive statistics of occupational position: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Yes 384 ( 89.5 ) 412 ( 96.9 ) No 45 ( 10.5 ) 13 ( 3.1 ) Entire 429 425 Table 3 Descriptive statistics of household income ( gross, in euro ‘s per twelvemonth ) : N ( % ) 0 – 14,999 14 ( 4.0 ) 15,000 – 30,999 58 ( 16.4 ) 31,000 – 59,999 207 ( 58.5 ) 60,000 – 89,999 60 ( 19.9 ) 90.000 or more 15 ( 4.2 ) Entire 354 Correlation between different facets of socio-economic place. The correlativities between the five mensural facets of SEP are presented in table 4. Literatuurlijst 1. Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, et Al. Disability and intervention of specific mental and physical upsets across the universe: Consequences from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 May ; 192 ( 5 ) :368-75. 2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Evidence-based wellness policy — lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science. 1996 Nov 1 ; 274 ( 5288 ) :740-3. 3. Mathers Cadmium, Loncar D. Projections of planetary mortality and load of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov ; 3 ( 11 ) : e442. 4. Meijer SA, Smit F, Schoemaker C, Cuijpers P. Gezond verstand: evidence-based preventie new wave psychische stoornissen. RIVM-Rapport nr. 270672001 ; VTV Themarapport. Bilthoven/Utrecht: RIVM/Trimbos-instituut, 2006 5. Beekman AT, Cuijpers P, new wave Marwijk HW, Smit F, Schoevers RA, Hosman C. The bar of psychiatric upsets. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006 Feb 25 ; 150 ( 8 ) :419-23. 6. Smit F, Cuijpers P, Oostenbrink J, Batelaan N, de Graaf R, Beekman A. Costss of nine common mental upsets: deductions for healing and preventative psychopathology. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2006 Dec ; 9 ( 4 ) :193-200. 7. Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-year research update reappraisal: the epidemiology of kid and adolescent psychiatric upsets: I. Methods and public wellness load. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Oct ; 44 ( 10 ) :972-86. a. Barker DJ. In utero scheduling of chronic disease. Clin Sci ( Lond ) . 1998 Aug ; 95 ( 2 ) :115-28. 8. Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiousness and emphasis and the neurobehavioural development of the foetus and kid: links and possible mechanisms. A reappraisal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005 Apr ; 29 ( 2 ) :237-58. 9. Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V. Antenatal maternal emphasis and long-run effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Mar-Apr ; 48 ( 3-4 ) :245-61. 10. O’Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, Beveridge M, Glover V. Maternal prenatal anxiousness and kids ‘s behavioural/emotional jobs at 4 old ages. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 Jun ; 180:502-8. 11. Huizink AC, Robles de Medina PG, Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Buitelaar JK. Stress during gestation is associated with developmental result in babyhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep ; 44 ( 6 ) :810-8. 12. Van den Bergh BR, Marcoen A. High prenatal maternal anxiousness is related to ADHD symptoms, projecting jobs, and anxiousness in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Dev. 2004 Jul-Aug ; 75 ( 4 ) :1085-97. 13. Maki P, Veijola J, Rasanen P, et Al. Criminalism in the progeny of antenatally down female parents: a 33-year followup of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. J Affect Disord. 2003 May ; 74 ( 3 ) :273-8. 14. Davis EP, Glynn LM, Schetter CD, Hobel C, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman CA. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and hydrocortisone influences infant disposition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun ; 46 ( 6 ) :737-46. 15. Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Lee DT. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with inauspicious obstetric and neonatal results. Psychosom Med. 2001 Sep-Oct ; 63 ( 5 ) :830-4. 16. LeWinn KZ, Stroud LR, Molnar BE, Ware JH, Koenen KC, Buka SL. Elevated maternal hydrocortisone degrees during gestation are associated with decreased childhood IQ. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec ; 38 ( 6 ) :1700-10. Epub 2009 May 7. 17. Hagberg H, Mallard C. Antenatal encephalon hurt: aetiology and possibilities of bar. Semin Neonatol. 2000 Feb ; 5 ( 1 ) :41-51. 18. Olson HC, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Barr HM, Bookstein FL, Thiede K. Association of antenatal intoxicant exposure with behavioural and larning jobs in early adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Sep ; 36 ( 9 ) :1187-94. 19. Sood B, Delaney-Black V, Covington C, et Al. Prenatal intoxicant exposure and childhood behaviour at age 6 to 7 old ages: I. dose-response consequence. Pediatricss. 2001 Aug ; 108 ( 2 ) : E34. 20. Van Rossum CTM, Buchner FL, Hoekstra J. Quantification of wellness effects of suckling – Reappraisal of the literature and theoretical account simulation. Bilthoven: RIVM, 2005 21. Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Direct and indirect effects of chest milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature babies. Dev Psychobiol. 2003 Sep ; 43 ( 2 ) :109-19. 22. O’Keane V, Marsh MS. Depression during gestation. BMJ. 2007 May 12 ; 334 ( 7601 ) :1003-5. 23. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB. Sexual activity and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and return. J Affect Disord. 1993 Oct-Nov ; 29 ( 2-3 ) :85-96. 24. Stewart DE, Gucciardi E, Grace SL. Depression. In: DesMeules M, Stewart DE, editors. Women ‘s wellness surveillance study: a multidimensional expression at the wellness of Canadian adult females. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Institutes for Health Information ; 2003. pp. 39-40. 25. Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. Cohort survey of down temper during gestation and after childbearing. BMJ. 2001 Aug 4 ; 323 ( 7307 ) :257-60. 26. Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive symptoms among pregnant adult females screened in OBs scenes. J Womens Health ( Larchmt ) . 2003 May ; 12 ( 4 ) :373-80. 27. Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et Al. Perinatal depression: prevalence, testing truth, and testing results. Evid Rep Technol Assess ( Summ ) . 2005 Feb ; ( 119 ) :1-8. 28. Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J, Calleja N. Antenatal psychiatric morbidity in Maltese adult females. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007 Nov-Dec ; 29 ( 6 ) :501-5. 29. Josefsson A, Berg G, Nordin C, Sydsjo G: Prevalence of depressive symptoms in late gestation and postpartum. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001, 80 ( 3 ) :251-255. 30. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal hazard factors for postnatal depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004, 26 ( 4 ) :289-295. 31. Rubertsson C, Wickberg B, Gustavsson P, Radestad I. Depressive symptoms in early gestation, two months and one twelvemonth postpartum-prevalence and psychosocial hazard factors in a national Swedish sample. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005 Jun ; 8 ( 2 ) :97-104. 32. Sutter-Dallay AL, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux H. Women with anxiousness upsets during gestation are at increased hazard of intense postpartum depressive symptoms: a prospective study of the MATQUID cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2004, 19 ( 8 ) :459-463. 33. Larsson C, Sydsjo G, Josefsson A. Health, sociodemographic informations, and gestation result in adult females with prenatal depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep ; 104 ( 3 ) :459-66. 34. Podolska MZ, Majkowicz M, Sipak-Szmigiel O, Ronin-Walknowska E. Cohabitation as a strong predicting factor of perinatal depression. Ginekol Pol. 2009 Apr ; 80 ( 4 ) :280-4. 35. Da Costa D, Larouche J, Dritsa M, Brender W. Psychosocial correlatives of prepartum and postpartum depressed temper. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000, 59:31-40. 36. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn in different cultural and socio-economic position groups. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2002 Nov ; 20 ( 2 ) :149-57. 37. Leigh B, Milgrom J. Hazard factors for prenatal depression, postpartum depression and rearing emphasis. BMC Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 16 ; 8:24. 38. Bolton HL, Hughes PM, Turton P, Sedgwick P. Incidence and demographic correlatives of depressive symptoms during gestation in an interior metropolis London population. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Dec ; 19 ( 4 ) :202-9. 39. 40. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual maltreatment, nerve-racking life events and hazard for major depression in adult females. Psychol Med. 2004 Nov ; 34 ( 8 ) :1475-82. 41. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Toward a comprehensive developmental theoretical account for major depression in adult females. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jul ; 159 ( 7 ) :1133-45. 42. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demier O, et Al. Prevalence, badness, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV upsets in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 ; 62:639-640. 43. 44. Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety upsets during gestation and the postnatal period: a systematic reappraisal. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Aug ; 67 ( 8 ) :1285-98. 45. 46. Maser JD, Cloninger CR. Comorbidity in anxiousness and temper upsets. Washington, D.C. : American Psychiatric Press, 1990 47 Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiousness and temper upsets in a big clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Nov ; 110 ( 4 ) :585-99. 48. and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age 49. Moss KM, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. Depressive and anxiousness symptoms through late gestation and the first twelvemonth station birth: an scrutiny of prospective relationships. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2009 Oct ; 12 ( 5 ) :345-9. 50. Mueller CW, Parcel TL. Measures of socioeconomic position: options and recommendations. Child Dev. 1981 ; 52:13-30. 51. Conger RD, Donnellan MB. An interactionist position on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007 ; 58:175-99. 52. Lahelma E, Laaksonen M, Martikainen P, Rahkonen O, Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S. Multiple steps of socioeconomic fortunes and common mental upsets. Soc Sci Med. 2006 Sep ; 63 ( 5 ) :1383-99. Epub 2006 May 9. 53. Ensminger ME, Fothergill KE. A decennary of mensurating SES: What it tells us and where to travel from here. In: Bornstein MH, Bradley RH ( explosive detection systems. ) , Socioeconomis position, rearing and kid development. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum 2003, pp 13-27. 54. Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Brendle JR. Anxiety symptoms and upsets at eight hebdomads postpartum. J Anxiety Disord. 2005 ; 19 ( 3 ) :295-311. 55. Hoffman S, Hatch MC. Depressive symptomatology during gestation: grounds for an association with reduced foetal growing in gestations of lower societal category adult females. Health Psychol. 2000 Nov ; 19 ( 6 ) :535-43. 56. Larsson C, Sydsjo G, Josefsson A. Health, sociodemographic informations, and gestation result in adult females with prenatal depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep ; 104 ( 3 ) :459-66. 57. Pajulo M, Savonlahti E, Sourander A, Helenius H, Piha J. Antenatal depression, substance dependence and societal support. J Affect Disord. 2001 Jun ; 65 ( 1 ) :9-17. 58. Seguin L, Potvin L, St-Denis M, Loiselle J. Chronic stressors, societal support, and depression during gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr ; 85 ( 4 ) :583-9. 59. Zelkowitz P, Schinazi J, Katofsky L et Al. Factors associated with depression in pregnant immigrant adult females. Transcult Psychiatry. 2004 Dec ; 41 ( 4 ) :445-64. b. Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, Yoo H, Marcus SM, Davis MM. Hazard factors for depressive symptoms during gestation: a systematic reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jan ; 202 ( 1 ) :5-14. c. Grant KE, Compas BE, Thurm AE et Al. Stressors and kid and adolescent abnormal psychology: grounds of moderating and mediating effects. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 May ; 26 ( 3 ) :257-83. Epub 2005 Dec 20. d. Evans GW. The environment of Childhood Poverty. Am Psychol. 2004 Feb-Mar ; 59 ( 2 ) :77-92. 60. Marteau TM, Bekker H. The development of a six-item short-form of the province graduated table of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) . Br J Clin Psychol. 1992 Sep ; 31 ( Pt 3 ) :301-306. 61. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postpartum depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 ; 150 ( 6 ) :782-786. 62. Bunevicius A, Kusminskas L, Pop VJ, Pedersen CA, Bunevicius R. Screening for prenatal depression with the Edinburgh Depression Scale. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Dec ; 30 ( 4 ) :238-243. 63. 64. 65. Saxe, LL, Abramson, LY. The Negative Life Events Questionnaire: Dependability and cogency. Unpublished manuscript. 1987. 66. Sarason, IG, Levine, HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR. Measuring societal support: the Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychiatry. 1983 ; 44 ( 1 ) :127-139 67. Sarason, BR, Shearin, EN, Pierce, GR, Sarason, IG. Interrelations of societal support steps: Theoretical and practical deductions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987 ; 52:813-832. 68. Grobbee DE, Hoes AW, Verheij TJ, Schrijvers AJ, new wave Ameijden EJ, Numans ME. The Utrecht Health Project: optimisation of everyday health care informations for research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005 ; 20 ( 3 ) :285-7. 69. 70. How to cite The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

IT Risk Management Case Study of Social Media Research Centre

Question: Discuss about theIT Risk Management in Social Media Research Centre. Answer: Project Objectives The initial objective of the project is to develop a website for the social media Research centre by considering the basic needed of the consumers. In order to manage large scale data accurately the organization has developed this advanced approach. Before the implementation of the website the project manger and the finance manager of the business organization is required to make a feasibility study to develop budget estimation. After estimating the budget properly the project manager will be able to divide the job roles and tasks properly among the project team members. In the initial stage of development he project manager is required to set the project objective. Considering the type of the project the objectives are developed these are as follows: To develop a website based application system for the Social Media Research Centre To reduce the data management related risks To manage the current and old data regarding the research papers of the masters students and of the PhD students. To store the details of the publications accurately To develop such an application which could be accessed easily by the project team members and by the clients whenever required To get the updated data recorded within the system To complete the task appropriately within the allotted time phase that is within 8 months and the estimated budget of the project is AUD 50000.00 After analyzing the overall state and features of the budget it has been found that the if the project is completed successfully within the time period than due to its advanced data management capability it will be able to deliver a proper data management system to the consumers. With the help of the system the users will be able to access data from the server whenever needed. Apart from this, the server can be accessed regardless of the time and location of the users. The system is again secured enough because it holds an appropriate login approach. Where, the unauthorized rather unauthenticated or non-registered users will not be able to access data from the server. Mainly for promoting the application over the internet and to grab large number of consumer social media is also helpful for this project. MOV - Measurable Organisational Value After considering the measurable value of the social media research centre it has been found that, in order to promote both the operational and the functional excellence of the website based application system is one of the necessary application that is required to develop by the organizations. The implementation also implies that the users will be able to access the publication details and details of the research paper of the masters and PhD students from the server easily and securely. In order to develop a successful project the overall cut off budget is needed to be cheaper. Identification of the desired area of impact Area of impact Ranking of the impacts Strategic impact high Impact of the Consumers Medium Financial impact Low Operational impact High Social impact High Identification of the type of values in the web based application systems Better: The website that has been developed by the social media research centre is needed to be very much efficient and user friendly so that the users could access data from the server very fast without any error. Faster: the system is required to be faster in order to make the system faster than the traditional one the project manager is required to add up certain advanced technologies to the system. A faster system is always found to be enough beneficial and user focused. Cheaper: The overall budget of the project must not exceed the estimated project budget. In the project initiation phase the project budget is required to be allotted. If the overall cut off cost of the project is found to be cheaper than others then with increasing time more technical advancement could be added to it efficiently. It will help to reduce the overall financial burden. Do more: In order satisfy the consumers the project manager should consider certain additional technical excellences to the system such as social media promotion. Development of an appropriate stakeholders metric Stakeholder name Expectation Project manager To complete the project within 8 months in AUD 50000.00 Finance manager To complete the project is AUD 50000.00 and should also focus on the resources so that could not exceed the estimation. Application manager Expects to get the operations accurately. Programming manager To complete the project, considering all the social aspects accurately. Acceptance Criteria It has been analyzed that after successful completion of the project the project must deliver the expected outcome of the consumers. The project should be completed within the allotted time phase and the budget must not exceed AUD 50000.00. Only the required resources should be considered rather the unnecessary resources are required to eliminate from the resource list after development of the project it must be validated and verified by the project testers professionally. Apart from this, each and every components of the project are required to be approved by the project manager officially. Assumptions and Constraints Before initiating the project the project budget, the members of the project management team and the sponsors of the project are needed to be assumed by the project manager. It has been assumed that in order to complete the project, the budget is AUD 50000.00 and from the schedule it is found that the project could be completed in 8 months. Different constraints that entail the project limitation Triple constraints have been considered for this project these are the cost, time schedule and scope of the project. Te project is required to be completed. The main limitation of the project is the consideration of the hardware and software. In order to develop the web-based application system the resources and both the functional and non-functional requirements cannot be determined in the inittail phase. StakeholderList Name of the stakeholders Roles and responsibility of the stakeholders Project sponsor (Please fill) Responsible to chose the sponsors for the project completion. Project manager (Please fill) The role of the project manager is to control and monitor the entire progress of the project. David Wright (Executive officer) The Executive officer is responsible to select the project manager and the project sponsor at the same time. Sonia Reed (Application manager) Responsible to monitor the application of the website based application system Bruce (Programming manager) For developing the system proper codes and needed to be developed byte project development team members and the system verification and validation is needed to be done by the programming manager Finance manager (Please fill) The finance manager should make the budget estimation. Lessons Learned From the overall discussion it has been learned that, after the successful completion of the project the clients of the projects will be able to access all the required data such as the publication details and other research papers details. The system is very much secured due to the presence of the login approach. Due t this reason one of the external users will be able to access data from the server. The other users of the server could also connect themselves to retrieve information from the server. It has been also learned that the rate of data availability is also increasing rapidly after the implementation of the Web-based application system. Charter Sign off Stakeholder name Signature of the stakeholder Executive officer David Wright Project sponsor Please fill Programming manager Bruce Application manager Sonia Reed International expert Craig Bamworth Preparation of a project communication plan Purpose of communication planning In order to avoid the rate of intra-organizational conflict and to share the view point of all the members of the project team along with the project manager mainly the communication plan is developed by the project manager. With the help of the open communication the project manager and the other members of the project team will be able to communicate to each other efficiently. Again the communication plan will help to divide the roles and responsibility of all the members of the project team to reduce the overall work burden. Thus, it can be said that the main objective of the communication plan is to make the system more efficient. Identification of stakeholders Information to be shared Frequency of information exchange Location of information exchange Purpose of communication Mechanism for communication Project sponsor The project sponsor should share the budget oriented information with the Project manager. Again the sponsor should also share the information of web application based system requirements to the management authority. Weekly Conference room To reduce the issues that might occur regarding the project budget. physical meeting Project manager The project manager should share the shared goal and objective of the project along with the project team members. Daily Meeting room To develop a web-based application system for social media research centre. physical meeting and email Finance manager The finance manager should share the financial details along with the project manager and with the project team member and also with the project team members Monthly Meeting hall For reducing the financial issues Phone calls and emails Project clients The requirement of the project is whether satisfactory to the clients or not is demonstrated by the clients through email and meetings to the project manager and to the executive also. Weekly Meeting hall For understanding the requirement of the consumers the communication is done. Email and phone calls Executive officer The goal of the project is shared by the executive officer to the project manager and to the members also Weekly Conference room In order to administrate the project operation and functionalities, the project executive officer is required to communicate along with the project team members and to the project manager very frequently. physical meeting and emails Application manager The application manager is required to deliver the system accurately and must share the requirement along with the project team members Monthly Meeting room Email Operation manager In order to manage the operation accurately the operation manager should share the information about the functions and operations to the Project manager. Weekly Conference room and video conference To reduce the rate of error in the operational and functional management system. Emails and physical meeting Programming manager The programming and the applications are required to be shared to the project manager and to the project development team and also along with the project sponsors. Monthly Meeting room and video conference To diminish the programming error from the system Emails and physical meeting Change management While reviewing the website application system that has been developed by the research centre it has been found that the developed application system is secured and efficient enough. In order to evaluate the system the operational and the functional excellences those are used are also very much user friendly. However, in order to improve the existing system the project manager should incorporate the social media application system for promoting the system appropriately. Again, in order to grab large number of consumers a feedback rather invoice application is required to be adapted in the change management system. Another change that is required to be conducted is the radical change implementation. Reason for Meeting Meeting Objectives Project planning For developing a project for the Social media Research Centre the meeting is required to be conducted among the project manager and the project team members Risk management planning For identifying, analysing and for mitigation the system risks this meeting is needed to be conducted. Strategy development In order to gain commercial benefit from the competitive marketplace this meeting is necessary. Bibliography Chih, Y. Y., Zwikael, O. (2015). Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 352-362. Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C. N., Mller, R. (2015). The relation between work motivation and project management success in case of temporary organizations: theoretical lenses. Gido, J., Clements, J. (2014).Successful project management. Nelson Education. Gollenia, L. A. (2016).Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Heagney, J. (2016).Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Hornstein, H. A. (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 291-298. Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 272-284. Joslin, R., Mller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), 1377-1392. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kloppenborg, T. (2014).Contemporary project management. Nelson Education. Lappe, M., Spang, K. (2014). Investments in project management are profitable: A case study-based analysis of the relationship between the costs and benefits of project management.International Journal of Project Management,32(4), 603-612. Leach, L. P. (2014).Critical chain project management. Artech House. Lock, M. D. (2014).The essentials of project management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Pitsis, T. S., Sankaran, S., Gudergan, S., Clegg, S. R. (2014). Governing projects under complexity: theory and practice in project management.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1285-1290. Ramasesh, R. V., Browning, T. R. (2014). A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management.Journal of Operations Management,32(4), 190-204. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Svejvig, P., Andersen, P. (2015). Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 278-290. Teller, J., Kock, A. (2013). An empirical investigation on how portfolio risk management influences project portfolio success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 817-829. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Internet Regulation Essays (1317 words) - Pornography Law

Internet Regulation The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. Legislative regulation of the Internet would be an appropriate function of the government. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer "red light district." On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives. 1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law. 4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world. The government must take control to prevent pornographers from using the Internet however they see fit because they are breaking laws that have existed for years. Cyberpunks, those most popularly associated with the Internet, are members of a rebellious society that are polluting these networks with information containing pornography, racism, and other forms of explicit information. When they start rooting around for a crime, new cybercops are entering a pretty unfriendly environment. Cyberspace, especially the Internet, is full of those who embrace a frontier culture that is222 hostile to authority and fearful that any intrusions of police or government will destroy their self-regulating world.5 The self-regulating environment desired by the cyberpunks is an opportunity to do whatever they want. The Communications Decency Act is an attempt on part of the government to control their "free attitude" displayed in homepages such as "Sex, Adult Pictures, X-Rated Porn", "Hot Sleazy Pictures (Cum again + again)" and "sex, sex, sex. heck, it's better even better than real sex"6. "What we are doing is simply making the same laws, held constitutional time and time again by the courts with regard to obscenity and indecency through the mail and telephones, applicable to the Internet."7 To keep these kinds of pictures off home computers, the government must control information on the Internet, just as it controls obscenity through the mail or on the phone. Legislative regulations must be made to control information on the Internet because the displaying or distribution of obscene material is illegal. The courts have generally held that obscenity is illegal under all circumstances for all ages, while "indecency" is generally allowable to adults, but that laws protecting children from this "lesser" form are acceptable. It's called protecting those among us who are children from the vagrancies of adults.8 The constitution of the United States has set regulations to determine what is categorized as obscenity and what is not. In Miller vs. California, 413 U.S. at 24-25, the court announced its "Miller Test" and held, at 29, that its three part test constituted "concrete guidelines to isolate 'hard core' pornography from expression protected by the First Amendment.9 By laws previously set by the government, obscene pornography should not be accessible on the Internet. The government must police the Internet because people are breaking laws. "Right now, cyberspace is like a neighborhood without a police department."10

Who Invented White People Free Informative Essay Sample

Who Invented White People Free Informative Essay Sample and tradition of protest that was amplified by the Civil Rights Movements and urban rebellions. The stories by Wright and Jay illustrate the historical sequence of events; the authors complement each other. In other words, those battered blacks depicted by Wright later claimed to be victims of white civilization, as portrayed by Jay. Wright, using personal narrative style, clearly illustrates that blacks had suffered great injustice. He notes that slaves in the past and second rate citizens, blacks had suffered every type of cruelty, exploitation, and injustice. In turn, Jay argues that their moral claim against America and its government was not restricted to a given abuse or a fixed period of time and correspondingly could not be compensated or indemnified with a fixed sum of money by payment to a definite number of victims. The heart of their moral claim for special and preferential legislation was their innocence and the wrong they had suffered at white hands. Whipped, raped, lynched, families split apart and sold at auction blocks-they had everything taken from them. The linkage of blacks to victim status made blackness and victimization status virtually synonymous. Black identity was a moral identity; it was a righteous suffering owed. Blacks became the typical victims. Blacks hold a special place in the liberation theories. Jay states that in contemporary world, blacks invite white society to join them in doing what is right. They permit whites to form a mutual moral community with them. Together they would suffer and sacrifice for the good. Yet, in the course of the 1960s, especially after the death of Martin Luther King in the spring of 1968, much black rhetoric became exclusionary. Advocates of black power, the Black Muslims, and others argued that blacks were a unique and separate people unto themselves. In the name of their past suffering under slavery and its consequences, they indicted white society universally. The most extreme interpretations against white society were global and violent, and all discussion of black violence and black racism of black against black were sharply suppressed. Jay argues that racism is still present in the contemporary America The author explain that too often in America, we talk about race as if it were only something that people of color have, or only something we need to talk about when we talk about African Americans or Asian Americans or American Indians or Latino Americans (para 4). The society does not accept African American beliefs and style of life, constantly questioning their indigenous tradition. To continue, Wright laid the path, which was later followed by such authors as Jay. After careful analysis of his article, Who Invented White People? it becomes apparent that the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on fundamental social patterns proved to be limited; the campaign did not revitalize the many ghetto neighborhood in the country. Yet this result cannot be fully understood without referring to the many powerful forces that spun these communities into a downward spiral. The situation depicted by Wright when black people were prohibited even from reading illustrates the degree of tension that was increasing at the beginning of 60s. Furthermore, as different industries shut down ghetto people lost their traditional jobs Fewer jobs and less income destabilized the already weak social structure of the ghetto. As the black middle class fled these declining regions, the impoverished became packed together, isolated from the mainstream. Even true followers of the movement, despite their good intentions and the considerable power they had, failed to reverse these trends. Ironically, perhaps the most fundamental contribution of the Civil Rights Movement to this broader process has been to accelerate the opening of more communities to blacks, which ultimately hastened the flight of the black middle class from inner-city neighborhoods. Jay shows that the rise of local leaders marked a number of important developments, rooted in individual states, but with national consequences. Yet when Martin Luther King and his followers launched the Civil Rights Movement, they strived for a more immediate impact on American race relations. They hoped to spur a full-scale assault on enduring and pervasive racial injustice. In conclusion, it may be noted that Jay and Wrights works are very similar in nature, yet differ in rhetoric and narration style. Furthermore, the authors lived during different times, which influenced their realization of the processes depicted in these works. The era of 1960s and 1970s was a time when young people from ethnic and mainstream groups in various parts of the country sought to express their hopes for the liberty. In the history of the U.S., no other era embodies the rise of youthful self-conscious idealism. Young white Americans participated in a process, which they expressed in art and in politics. Even though, Jay rightfully claims that blacks are far from celebrating their victory in the war against injustice and discrimination, it is clear that those times depicted by Writing are long gone and are unlikely to ever return. Hence, the progress has been achieved and blacks did not fight in vain.

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History - Assignment Example clination towards those blacks who can otherwise compete on their own but are utilizing the platform of NACCP to achieve their own objectives against the backdrop of black civil rights National Association for advancement of Colored People is one of the oldest organizations in US which has played significant role in the advancement of colored people. A torch bearer of civil movement in the country, this association was founded in 1909 and now have more than 500,000 members across the US and World. Over the period of more than 100 years, NACCP proved itself as one of gross root level organization which is also supported by Whites who are willing to erase the racial injustice in the country. The major achievements of the association include a long struggle for achieving different rights for the colored people within US most importantly their right to vote as well as forcing Federal government to end discrimination against black people. What is so significant about the history of NACCP is its ability to mobilize almost every segment of the society to fight for the rights of the black people. This struggle not only includes the non-violent sit ups but also involved a consistent persuasion of the rights of the black people within the country. Its role during civil rights movement is one of its glorious periods despite the fact that it disagreed with Luther King on different aspects of the movement. This paper will attempt to discuss the history of NACCP and how it contributed towards the rights of black people. This paper however will also provide alternative views about the role and history of NACCP also. NACCP was founded in Feb 1909 with philanthropic support from the White Population which was instrumental behind providing effective support to the black people. This was done in order to ensure that the country provides racial justice to all its citizens regardless of the color. NACCP emerged as a result of the series of violent attempts on the black population

Master of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business Personal Statement

Master of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business - Personal Statement Example I have a desire to make educational and professional progress in the field of business management because of my huge interest in this field. I also want to take part in the economic progress and development and of my country. I have a belief that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the most prestigious universities of the world. Through the research, I have come to know that the name of university would be the most suitable university, which can help me fulfill my aim to get a high quality master’s degree in the field of business. I am seeking a career in some field related to statistical business analysis, and that can be possible if I get the opportunity to study under the supervision of highly qualified faculty of this university. I believe that my relevant educational background and interest in business management make me a suitable candidate for getting admission in the name of university. I am sending this statement of purpose to get admission in the Master’s of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business program. I would be grateful if the authorities accept my application and let me pursue my academic goals from this great university. I am looking forward to hear from you

Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case study - Research Paper Example Different from other organizations, medical institutions depend greatly on supplies to carry out their daily operations. According to Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) health care institution cannot exist without supply management systems. Regardless of this compulsory requirement, medical institutions are very backdated in terms of having improved supply management systems. Different from modern day organizations, healthcare organizations lag behind in updating their supply chain management systems. This can be attributed to the fact that world health bodies frequently update the global stock in medical supplies depending on the emerging trends (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). Hospitals rely on these changes in ordering of medical supplies. However, the quality of the supplies does not create the main problem in supply chain management, but the activities applied in the supply chain management. The difference in the strategies used in supply chain management creates the difference in t he cost and efficiency of the process (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). What was the impact if any of the implementation of the proposed solution on this issue? Disregard of the process of supply chain management creates the main challenge in making the process efficient and quality. To overcome these challenges Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) suggest that managers should update their technological position and emerging trends in supply chain management. This will create an organization with a lot of sensitivity in terms of coming up with effective logistics procedures. Additionally, this will open up opportunities for the organization to refer to supply chain management bodies and programs that will aid in transforming the state of supply management systems in organizations. Other significant challenges in supply chain management in healthcare institutions include outdated IT systems, lack of executive involvement, poor infrastructure, poor distribution and inventory management and n on improvement of the procurement process (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). In overcoming challenges in decision making processes regarding purchasing decisions, Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) advise that institutions should disregard the majority rule. This mode of making decisions should be replaced by the consensus method which minimizes the occurrence of misunderstandings and opposition. This also increases the compliance rate from physicians. How do efficiencies in supply chain management and effective use of sourcing and technology reduce hospital costs? What are the alternative solutions to this question? In 2004, total healthcare spending per person in the United States was $6280. This is representation of 16% of the US gross domestic product (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). In regard of the total expenses of the United States government this is a big value that can be cut down by simple arithmetic of reducing the expense incurred by medical institutions. Analysts have argued that this inflation in the cost of provision of healthcare of healthcare is greatly attributed to the mishandling of medical service sin institutions. For instance, many analysts have pointed out the fact hospitals disregard the need to upgrade their supply management systems has made funding of medical services expensive (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). They further argue that this is inevitable since healthcare instit

Single Chain Antibody Production

Single Chain Antibody Production ABSTRACT The study aimed to characterise His- and Myc- tagged scFv MFE-23 antibodies produced from transformed E.coli cultures using ELISA and immunohistochemistry assays. Anti-His, anti-myc and anti-MFE secondary antibodies were used in the CEA/PBS coated ELISA plate with horseradish peroxidase-OPD chromatic reaction for detection. Culture 1 was identified to produce MFE-His and culture 2 giving MFE-Myc antibodies. The immunohistochemistry assay confirmed the CEA binding profile of scFv MFE-Myc by the comparison between negative controls, positive anti-CEA binding reactions and 4-stage anti-Myc binding of the scFv MFE-Myc examined. The CEA specificity displayed by tagged scFv MFE-Myc can be utilised in antibody-based cancer therapy by targeting tumour antigens specifically. INTRODUCTION Cancer arises due to the defective regulation of normal cell proliferation and homeostasis. This allows tumours to possess the capabilities including self-sufficiency in growth signal, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, avoidance of apoptosis, unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis and metastasis.1 In additional to the surgical removal of tumours, conventional cancer therapies such as radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy have a focus in inducing cytotoxicity against malignant cells. With better understanding of the molecular biology of carcinogenesis, targeted therapies are being developed to achieve lower toxicity to normal tissues and higher clinical efficacy through disrupting pathways that contribute to the tumours proliferative advantage. Attempts are also being made in developing cancer gene therapies to compensate or repair the mutated genes. All tumours express their unique set of antigens on cell surface which can be a result of genetic alterations, upregulated self-antigens or tissue-specific antigens that can be utilized to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Antibodies, one of the effectors in immune response, are Y-shaped proteins that each recognizes and binds to specific antigen (Figure 1). The protein consists of two light chains and two heavy chains, with variable (Fab) and constant (Fc) domains on each of the chain. The region of the antibody at which antigen binds is referred as the Complementary Determining Regions (CDR) present at the variable Fab region. The Fc region is responsible in modulating immune response through activation of the complement cascade and Fc receptor mediated activation of effectors such as phagocytes, mast cells, neutrophils and Natural Killer (NK) cells.3 The initial approach of antibody-based cancer therapy is to tag cancerous cells as foreign and eliminate such targets thro ugh cytotoxic effectors of the human immune system. Antibodies against essential growth factors can be synthesized to sequester such molecules from further promoting tumour growth. The high specificity of antibodies to particular antigens also serves as a vehicle in delivering killing machineries to tumour cells. For example, antibodies can be directly conjugated to radionuclides, toxins or cytokines, or indirectly to the surface of liposomes carrying drugs or toxins.4 Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is also available in which the antibody targets an enzyme selectively to the tumor where it converts a relatively non-toxic prodrug to a potent cytotoxic drug.4 These various strategies aim to minimize the systemic toxicity afflicted by the cytotoxic agents administered. Monoclonal antibodies are usually preferred compared to polyclonal ones, as they recognize specific epitope of an antigen and hence have greater specificity. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is first identified as a glycoprotein in the human colon cancer tissue extract and fetal gut, and plays a role in cell adhesion.5 Although CEA can also be detected in normal gastrointestinal tissue, the glycoprotein is overexpressed on the plasma membrane of colon cancer tissues.5 CEA level has also been found to be highly elevated in various cancers of an epithelial origin such as breast, lungs and pancreas.5,6 Moreover, normal CEA is localised on the luminal surface of columnar epithelial cells lining the crypts of the intestine so the glycoproteins are not directly accessible to the blood flow.6 However CEA is usually found on all sides of the cell membranes in tumours. Thus, CEA can be a useful target on cancer cells in immunotherapy using anti-CEA antibodies. The objectives of this lab practical are to introduce the applications of antibodies in cancer therapy and diagnosis through immunohistochemical staining of tissues. It also serves to familiarise students with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This is achieved by the production of MFE-23 single chain Fc antibody fragment (scFv) against CEA from transformed E.coli cultures. The scFv MFE-23 can be linked to either a His- or a Myc- tag. The unknown antibodies are characterised in the ELISA assay using appropriate detection antibodies, and the chromatic reaction between horseradish peroxidise (HRP) and OPD substrate. The scFv MFE-23 obtained by students is also used in the immunohistochemical characterisation in cryostat sections of normal and cancerous human tissues. MATERIALS METHODS E. Coli growth curves E.coli cultures were transformed with pUC119 containing either His- or Myc- tagged scFv MFE-23 (Culture 1 2) and were incubated overnight. The expression of pUC119 was controlled by the lac operon, which could be induced by either lactose or lactose analogue isopropyl-1-szlig;-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The vector also encoded for ampicillin resistance. The E.coli cultures were grown with ampicillin selection and 0.05% glucose. Optical density (OD) readings at 600nm were taken at 30min interval until OD=0.9 when IPTG was added to both cultures to induce pUC119 expression and hence scFv MFE-23 production. A negative control of 2xYT was set up, and all three cultures were incubated at 30? overnight. Full experimental procedures are described in Appendix 1. ELISA assay The ELISA assay aims to characterize the identities of the tags conjugated to scFv MFE-23 obtained in the supernatant of the overnight E.coli cultures. Detailed protocols of the assay can be found in Appendix 1. 36 wells of the 96-well ELISA plate were coated with the CEA antigen or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as its negative control. Supernatant of the overnight E.coli cultures 12 from the bacterial growth curve assay was obtained which contain either His- or Myc- tagged scFv MFE-23. The supernatant samples 12, the positive control MFE-his-myc antibodies and the negative control 2xYT growth medium were added to the corresponding wells as indicated in the format diagram in Appendix 2. Secondary antibodies rabbit anti-MFE23 polysera, mouse monoclonal anti-HIS tag (TetraHis, Qiagen) and mouse monoclonal anti-MYC (Sigma) were added to the corresponding wells (Appendix 2) to bind the primary antibodies present. Tertiary horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibodies against the secondary antibodies goat anti-rabbit HRP (sigma) and sheep anti-mouse HRP (Sigma) in blocking solution were added to the wells (Appendix 2). OPD substrate buffer was applied to each well to detect the presence of HRP, which should give a yellow-orange product in case of positive result. HCl was added to stop the reaction when colour has developed, and the OD at 490nm for each well was measured. Immunohistochemistry assay Five glass slides, each containing 2 colonic adenocarcinoma, 1 normal colon and 1 normal liver tissue sections were fixed and processed for immunohistochemical staining. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC complex) was added following the application of biotin-labelled antibodies. The localisation of antigens was visualised by the formation of brown pigments, as peroxidise reacts with the diaminobenzidene (DAB) substrate. Lattices of several peroxidase molecules were formed to amplify the binding signal from the biotinylated antibody.7 A summary of the treatment given to each slide was illustrated in Table 1, and the complete protocol can be found in Appendix 1. RESULTS E. Coli growth curves Both E.coli cultures transformed with either His-tagged scFv MFE-23 or the Myc-tagged version in a pUC119 vector follow a similar exponential growth curve, as shown by the plot of OD600 against time (Figure 2). The bacterial cultures were in lag phase at t=0-90, and the log phase from t=90. It took approximately 175minutes for the cultures to reach OD600=0.9. The PBS negative controls in wells A-F/7-12 worked relatively accurately with low OD490 readings. Most readings also corresponded to the negative controls in the CEA coated wells (B4-6, D4-6, F4-6) but with 2xYT added instead of primary antibodies. However, the OD490 readings for wells C10-12 and E10-12 were higher than most readings from the negative controls. The higher OD490 readings obtained in certain wells in comparison of their corresponding negative controls indicated the presence of yellow-orange product formation from reaction between HRP and OPD substrate. These positive outcomes found in certain wells are highlighted in the shaded cells of Table Immunohistochemistry Assay Figure 4 shows the immunohistochemical binding reactions for the negative controls (slides 3-5). Slide 3 acts as a negative control for slide 1, treated with the 4-stage anti-Myc technique but omitting the primary Myc-tagged scFv MFE-23 antibody. Thus we should not be able to visualize the localization of CEA antigens due to the absence of MFE-23 binding on slide 3. Slide 4 is a negative control for slide 2, omitting the mouse monoclonal anti-CEA A5B7 antibody treatment in the 3-stage mouse monoclonal technique. No binding reaction is expected on slide 4 as well. Slide 5 was treated like slide 4 but without initial biotin/avidin blocking. As expected, the colonic adenocarcinoma tissue section of slide 3 does not display brown colouration and hence there is no binding reaction to the cytoplasm of tumour cells and connective tissues. Binding reaction to the cytoplasm of cryptal epithelium is not seen for the normal colonic mucosa, although there are strong brown colourations for a few cells in the lamina propria. The normal liver tissue on slide 3 shows some weak reaction with the parenchymal cells. Similarly, the parenchymal cells of the normal liver tissue on slide 4 do not display brown colouration and hence indicates the absence of binding reaction. On slide 5, the normal parenchymal cells are positive for binding reaction, demonstrating the presence of biotin in normal liver. Figure 5 shows the immunohistochemical binding results of slides 1 and 2. Slide 1 was treated with the 4-stage anti-Myc technique and slide 2 is the positive control treated with the 3-stage mouse monoclonal technique (See Table 1). For the colonic adenocarcinoma tissue on slide 1, strong brown colouration is present in the cytoplasm of tumour cells and the basement membrane of malignant acinar structures. Weak positive binding reactions can also be observed in fibrovascular stroma. The normal colonic mucosa of slide 1 shows strong reactions to the cytoplasm of goblet cells in the cryptal epithelium as well as a few cells in the lamina propria. The normal liver tissue shows only weak positive reactions with the parenchymal cells. Thus the scFv MFE-myc antibody was reactive with both normal colonic epithelium and adenocarcinoma, but not the biotin/avidin blocked liver tissue. The colonic adenocarcinoma tissue on slide 2 shows strong reactions with the tumour cell cytoplasm and the basement membrane of malignant acinar structures similar to the reactions seen in slide 1. Weak positive results are obtained in fibrovascular stroma of the positive control slide. As the binding reaction of slide 1 was similar to that of the positive control, this confirms the CEA reactive profile of the scFv MFE-myc antibody from the E.coli supernatant sample 2. DISCUSSION E.coli Growth Curve Both E.coli cultures followed the exponential growth curve as expected. However, the growth curve was obtained in the absence of a negative control i.e. same volume of 2xYT to be treated in the same way as the two cultures. The lack of a proper negative control means that the possibility of contamination cannot be eliminated. Thus it is unknown whether the increase in OD600 readings was partially attributed to culture contamination. ELISA Assay As mentioned in the results, the OD490 readings for wells C10-12 and E10-12 were higher than most readings from the negative controls. This might indicate contamination of these wells with CEA antigens, or insufficient PBS washing following the application of HRP-conjugated antibodies. Wells A-B/1-6 were applied with anti-His secondary antibodies and so would indicate the presence of His-tag by the production of yellow-orange product. Wells A1-3 were treated with supernatant from bacterial culture 1 and wells A4-6 with that of culture 2. As higher readings of OD490 in the positive control B1-3 and wells A1-3 were obtained compared to the negative control B4-6, the culture 1 supernatant contained the His-tagged scFv MFE-23. Wells C-D/1-6 were applied with anti-Myc secondary antibodies and so would indicate the presence of Myc-tag by the production of yellow-orange product. Wells C1-3 were treated with supernatant from bacterial culture 1 and wells C4-6 with that of culture 2. As higher readings of OD490 in the positive control D1-3 and wells C4-6 were obtained compared to the negative control D4-6, the culture 2 supernatant contained the Myc-tagged scFv MFE-23. The anti-MFE antibodies added to wells E-F/1-12 can bind to both His- or Myc-tagged scFv MFE-23. Thus binding should occur against primary antibodies from both cultures 12 and also the positive MFE-myc-his control, as demonstrated by the higher OD490 readings in wells E1-6 and F1-3 compared to the negative controls F4-6. It can be observed that the anti-His antibody gave a stronger signal than anti-Myc and was due to anti-His binding more strongly to its target than anti-Myc (Unpublished results, Kogelberg, H.). Comparing the OD490 of wells E1-3 and E4-6, absorbance of anti-Myc was slightly higher than anti-His despite the lower binding affinity of anti-Myc. Thus there might be a higher concentration of MFE-Myc in the culture 2 supernatant than MFE-His in culture 1, although technical issues like washing times, salt concentration and pH, or structural characteristics affecting the accessibility of antibody can affect the amount of binding. Immunohistochemistry Assay The results obtained from slides 1 and 2 confirm the CEA reactive profile of scFv MFE-myc antibody, as both slides displayed similar binding reaction patterns in colonic adenocarcinoma. The weak positive signal in normal liver tissue in slide 1 is likely to be caused by cross-reaction of secondary mouse anti-Myc antibodies, as similar result can be observed in the negative control (slide 3). Primary antibodies may also cross react and bind to non-target tissues. This demonstrates the possible cross-reactions with antibodies and hence the importance of negative controls to eliminate such artifactual reactivity. The strong binding to goblet cells cytoplasm in cryptal epithelium of normal colonic mucosa in slide 1 is consistent with the findings of CEA present in normal colonic mucosa.5 Although CEA level is lower on normal colonic mucosa, their presence implies that antibodies against CEA in cancer therapy may target normal cells other than malignant cells. Thus it is important to control anti-CEA antibody concentration used to avoid imposing toxicity to normal tissues yet is effective in producing a clinical response on cancer. The negative controls (slides 3-5) allowed the assessment of the level of binding for secondary, tertiary and quaternary antibodies/reagents. The slides also revealed any endogenous background material that might be confused with specific binding of primary antibodies, as well as information about the basic pathology of tissues. The inclusion of normal liver sections helped illustrate the importance in carefully controlling the specific reactions of test antibodies with potential targeting specificity for other cellular proteins. The ABC complex for detecting biotinylated horse anti-mouse antibodies can also react with biotin present in liver and give a positive non-specific result. This unwanted reaction as seen in slide 5 can be prevented by biotin blocking treatment of tissue samples. Moreover, myeloperoxidase white cells containing endogenous peroxidase can react with the DAB substrate and produce brown colouration even in the absence of ABC complexes. The normal colonic mucosa in slide 3 provided examples of such artifact. The naturally occurring bile pigments in liver seen as green/brown granules under high-power bright field microscopy can also be found occasionally. Careful interpretation of slides is required to avoid false judgments as there can be false positive reactions. In addition, it should be noted that adequate fixation of the sample is important in successful localisation of antigens present and hence an accurate representation of antigen distribution profile. The procedure helps to ensure the preservation of tissue morphology, the immobilisation of antigen and the preservation of antigen immunoreactivity. It is also important to ensure optimal fixation for an adequate permeability of the tissue to the immunochemical reagents. Other than mmunohistochemistry, western blotting and immunoprecipitation (IP) can be carried out to confirm scFv specificity. Antigens transferred to nitrocellulose membrane can be probed by specific antibodies in western blot, or precipitated out of lysate using antibodies in IP. Affinity chromatography can also be used which is a method of separating biochemical mixtures based on highly specific biological interaction. Specific antigen can be covalently coupled to a solid support and allow supernatant with the testing antibody to flow through so that only specific antibodies will be bound to the antigens. The assay used in this study can only detect antigens in a non-quantitative way with chromatic display of antigen localisation. Instead radioimmunoluminography (RILG) can be used for quantitative measurements of antigen concentration along with its distribution in histological sections.8 Radiolabelled antibodies against specific antigen can be applied to tissue sections and bound antibodies are mapped by phosphor imaging. Radioactivity detected in each pixel of the digital image will be proportional to antigen concentration if saturating antibody concentration is used. Future Perspective of Antibody Targeted Cancer Therapy The successful application of scFv MFE-23 with a Myc-tag at its C-terminus for detection in immunohistochemistry proves that the attachment of small molecules to the antibody will not affect its specificity for CEA. Thus the scFv chain can be conjugated to cytotoxic reagents or to be used for ADEPT as mentioned previously. The potential clinical efficacy of scFv MFE-23:enzyme fusion protein has been shown in nude mice with human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts by the Bhatia group.9 Moreover, scFv MFE-23 can be used in radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) based on the pre-operative injection of a radiolabelled anti-tumor antibody to detect tumour deposits during surgery. A Phase I clinical trial of RIGS using 125iodine-labelled MFE- 23-his scFv has reported good selective localisation at sites of primary colorectal cancer and metastases.10 As illustrated by MFE-23 scFv fragment, antibody targeting has the potential for selective imaging or delivery of anti-cancer molecules. Antibodies can be engineered to modify their biological properties with increased specificity and functionality. This is achieved by reducing antibody size, altering valency, and fusing to different molecules to improve therapeutic efficiency. Scientists have been trying to produce smaller antibody fragments but retaining specific binding to antigens, in order to minimize immunogenicity and achieve better tumour penetration. Continuous research on the specificity and stability of these fragments, and hunting for more tumour-specific antigens are required to further expand the field of antibody-targeted cancer therapies. Slide 3 is a negative control for slide 1 which was treated with the 4 stage anti-Myc technique. Slide 4 is a negative control for slide 2 which was treated with the 3 stage mouse monoclonal technique. Slide 5 is a negative control for slide 2 as well but without biotin/avidin blocking. Slide 1 was treated with the 4 stage anti-Myc technique, and slide 2 was treated with the 3 stage mouse monoclonal technique. REFERENCES Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000 Jan 7;100(1):57-70. Baron, E. J. 1996. Classification. In S. Baron et al., eds. Barons Medical Microbiology, 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch. Gura, T. Therapeutic antibodies:Magic bullets hit the target. Nature 417, 584-586 (6 June 2002) Carter, P. Improving the efficacy of antibody-based cancer therapies Nature Reviews Cancer 1, 118-129 (November 2001) Sten Hammarstrà ¶m. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Seminars in Cancer Biology. Volume 9, Issue 2, April 1999, Pages 67-81 A. Mayer, K. A. Chester, et al. Taking engineered anti-CEA antibodies to the clinic. Journal of Immunological Methods. Volume 231, Issues 1-2, 10 December 1999, Pages 261-273 Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H. Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. J Histochem Cytochem. 1981 Apr;29(4):577-80. GBoxer, SStuart-Smith, et al. Radioimmunoluminography: a tool for relating tissue antigen concentration to clinical outcome. British Journal of Cancer (1999) 80, 922-926. Bhatia J, Sharma SK, et al. Catalytic activity of an in vivo tumor targeted anti-CEA scFv:carboxypeptidase G2 fusion protein. Int J Cancer. 2000 Feb 15;85(4):571-7. Mayer, A., et al. Radioimmunoguided Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Using a Genetically Engineered Anti-CEA Single-Chain Fv Antibody. Clinical Cancer Research May 2000 6; 1711. APPENDIX Appendix 1 Experimental Procedures (UCL Cancer MSc Lab Practical 2 Handout, 12-13Nov09) E. Coli growth curves E.coli culture transformed with pUC119 containing either His- or Myc- tagged scFv MFE-23 (Culture 1 2) were incubated overnight. The expression of pUC119 was controlled by the lac operon, which could be induced by either lactose or lactose analogue isopropyl-1-ß-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The vector also encoded for ampicillin resistance. 30 µl of the media was added to 15ml growth media with ampicillin selection and 0.05% glucose. Both tubes on loose caps were placed into a 37? shaker at 225rpm and time was taken as t=0. Optical density (OD) of the culture was measured with a spectrophotometer at 600nm from t=0 at a 30min interval until reading reached OD=0.9. 1mM IPTG was added to each culture and the tubes were incubated at 30? overnight with shaking. A negative control was set up using the same volume of growth media 2xYT with 1mM IPTG for overnight incubation. ELISA assay 100 µl of 10 µg/ml CEA antigen was applied to strips 1-6, A-H of the 96-well ELISA plate. 100 µl of PBS was applied to strips 7-12, A-H as negative controls. The plate was covered with plastic film and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Each well was rinsed 4 times with PBS and blocked with 200 µl 5% Marvel milk/PBS. The plate was covered and incubated overnight at 4?. The plate was washed with PBS 4 times after the overnight incubation. Overnight bacterial cultures and the negative control were centrifuged at 4000rpm for 20minutes to obtain the supernatant. 100 µl of each supernatant sample and negative control was added to the ELISA plate according to the format diagram as seen in Appendix 2. The covered plate was left at room temperature for an hour. The plate was then rinsed twice with 0.1% Tween-20/PBS and 4 times with PBS. 100 µl of secondary antibodies rabbit anti-MFE23 polysera, mouse monoclonal anti-HIS tag (TetraHis, Qiagen) and mouse monoclonal anti-MYC (Sigma) with a concentration of 1:1000 in 1% blocking solution was added to the wells according to the format diagram: anti-His A1-12 and B1-12; anti-Myc C1-12 and D1-12; anti-MFE E1-12 and F1-12. The covered plate was left at room temperature for an hour. The plate was washed again twice with 0.1% Tween-20/PBS and 4 times with PBS. 100 µl horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibodies against the secondary antibodies 1:1000 goat anti-rabbit HRP (sigma) and 1:500 sheep anti-mouse HRP (Sigma) in 1% blocking solution was added to the corresponding wells. The covered plate was left at room temperature for an hour, and then rinsed twice with 0.1% Tween-20/PBS and 4 times with PBS. 100 µl of OPD substrate buffer was added to each well to detect the presence of HRP, giving a yellow-orange product in the case of positive outcome. 100 µl of 4M HCl was added when the colour has developed, and OD was measured at 490nm with an automated plate reader. Immunohistochemistry assay Five glass slides, each containing 2 colonic adenocarcinoma, 1 normal colon and 1 normal liver tissue sections were removed from the freezer and air dried for 5minutes. Slides were fixed in acetone in 10minutes and rinsed in tap water for 2minutes. Slides were flooded with PBS and Avidin blocking solution was applied to slides 1-4 for 10 minutes. Slides 1-4 were rinsed in PBS and applied with Biotin blocking solution for 10minutes followed by PBS wash. PBS was removed from slide 1 and flooded with 1:20 normal horse serum in PBS for 15minutes. Slide 1 was drained and applied with bacterial supernatant containing Myc-tagged scFv MFE-23 antibodies for 45minutes. Slide 1 was then rinsed with PBS thrice over 10minutes, and 1:20 normal horse serum in PBS was added to slides 2-5 for 15minutes. 20 µg/ml of mouse monoclonal anti-Myc antibody (Qiagen) in PBS was added to slides 13 and left for 35minutes. 20 µg/ml of A5B7 anti-CEA antibody was added to slide 2 for 35minutes. Slides 4-5 were washed in PBS. Slides 1-3 were rinsed with PBS thrice over 10minutes. 1:200 biotinylated horse anti-mouse immunoglobulins in PBS with 5% normal human serum was added to all slides and incubated for 35minutes. All slides were rinsed with PBS thrice over 10minutes. The avidin biotin-peroxidase complexes reagent (ABC reagent) was added to all slides, followed by PBS wash 3 times over 10minutes. 0.03% of hydrogen peroxide in 1mg/ml 3,3,diaminobenzidene tetrahydrochloride solution was applied to all slides immediately and left for 5minutes. Slides were washed with tap water. All slides were stained in Harris haematoxylin for 40seconds, rinsed in tap water and left for 5minutes for colour to develop. Slides were then dehydrated through graded alcohols (70/95/100%), cleared in inhibisol and coverslip using DPX mountant. The slides were then ready for observations under the light microscope.